hormonal coordination Flashcards
Main endocrine glands:
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries and testes.
How does a hormone trace from the endocrine gland to the target organ?
In the bloodstream.
What is the master gland?
Pituitary gland.
What does the pituitary gland do and where is it located?
Secreted several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions.
It is located in the brain.
What does the ADH do and where is it produced?
Affects the amount of urine produced by the kidney. Produced in the pituitary gland.
Growth hormone, ADH, FSH, TSH are all produced from…
… the pituitary gland
What does the FSH do?
Stimulated the ovaries to secrete oestrogen (female sex hormone).
Which hormones act rapidly?
Adrenaline and Insulin.
What monitors and controls the level of glucose in your blood and what detects the level of blood glucose?
Pancreas monitors and controls the level. Receptors in the pancreas detects the levels of blood glucose.
What happens if there is too much glucose in the blood?
The pancreas produces hormone insulin.
Which hormone reduces the level of glucose in the blood?
Insulin.
What does the insulin do to the glucose?
Causes the glucose to move from the blood into the cells.
What is excess glucose converter into?
Glycogen for storage.
What happens when glycogen is full?
The glucose is stored as lipids which can eventually make someone obese.
What does glucagon do and what is it released by?
(Released by the pancreas). Makes the glycogen in the liver to change into glucose. This glucose is released back into the blood.
Define Type 1 diabetes.
If the pancreas produces no insulin or too little insulin, the blood glucose levels may become very high.
Define Type 2 diabetes.
When the body does not respond to its own insulin. A significant factor in the development of Type 2 diabetes is obesity.
Main way to treat Type 1 diabetes.
Injecting insulin before every meal to replace the hormone that is not made in the body.
Insulin injections or pump
How to treat type 2 diabetes.
Main way:
- can be controlled by eating a balance diet, exercising and dieting if you are overweight. Reduce amount of carbohydrates in their diet
However if that doesn’t work:
You would be prescribed drugs which help insulin to work better, help the pancreas make more insulin cells it reduce the amount of glucose absorbed in the gut.
Causes of adrenaline:
Causes your:
- mental awareness to increase
- your pupils dilate to let in more sunlight
- your heartbeat and breathing rate to increase
- stored glycogen in the liver to be converted into glucose for respiration
What is adrenaline produced by?
Adrenal gland.
Why is negative feedback important?
helps maintain a steady internal environment.
How does the action of adrenaline help you escape from danger?
Increased supply of oxygen and glucose muscles allow more respiration there, providing more energy for muscles to contract so you can run fast
What is the male and female sex hormone?
Male: Testosterone
Female: Oestrogen
What is ovulation?
Every 28 days a mature egg is released from the ovary.
What is oestrogen and testosterone produced by?
Oestrogen: ovaries
Testosterone: testes
Testosterone stimulates…
… sperm production.
FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone are all involved in what?
The menstrual cycle of a woman.
Female secondary sexual characteristics:
- breast development
- skin darkens
- brain changes and matures
- menstruation begins
- growth of underarm and pubic hair
Male secondary sexual characteristics:
- growth of underarm and pubic hair
- facial hair
- testes grow and become active
- chest broadens
- voice breaks
What does FSH and LH do?
FSH=Causes eggs in the ovary to mature.
LH=stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation
What does oestrogen and progesterone stimulate?
The build up and maintenance of the uterus lining.
Name the two hormones produced by the pituitary glands that are involved in controlling the menstrual cycle.
FSH and LH
Which hormone inhibits FSH?
Oestrogen
Name the two hormones found in contraceptive pills.
Oestrogen and progesterone
The pill:
- inhibits FSH production so no eggs are released
- stops the uterus lining developing, preventing implantation
- make the mucus in the surface thick to prevent sperm from getting through 
What can FSH and LH do for infertility treatments?
Can be used as a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation in women with low FSH levels.
Disadvantages of fertility treatment:
- IVF is not always successful, which is emotionally and physically stressful.
- Ethical issues if the mature egg or embryos are stored for future use
- IVF is expensive for NHS and individuals
Suggest a reason why a doctor might advise a woman aged 45 that she is not suitable for IVF.
She will not have many eggs in her ovary as she is approaching the menopause. The success rate is only 2%.
Why is a woman given FSH for infertility?
to stimulate eggs in the ovary to mature.
