Hormonal Control of Metabolism Flashcards
Lipid metabolism from 1000 ft

Insulin vs cortisol on protein metabolism

Why does the brain need to be able to function on ketone bodies as well as glucose?
In starvation, glucose is the first to go, and there is no way to convert fatty acids into glucose in the human body. Instead, ketone bodies serve as a mechanism to transport energy from fatty acids to the brain to maintain brain function.
Pancreatic Islets

Important differences between energy storage lipids and membrane lipids
Energy storage: Mostly triacylglycerols, which are of neutral charge. Exclusively utilize palmitic acid.
Membrane lipids: Mostly contain a phosphate group coupled to an alcohol, making them negatively charged. Utilize various fatty acids including unsaturated fatty acids.
If insulin falls low, ___ slows or stops in skeletal muscle cells. If it falls too low, skeletal myocytes will _____.
If insulin falls low, muscle production slows or stops in skeletal muscle cells. If it falls too low, skeletal myocytes will degrade their own protein to release it into the blood.
Utimately these amino acids would then be utilized to synthesize glucose for the brain.
Humans do not posess a mechanism to go from ____ to ____. Only in the reverse direction.
Humans do not posess a mechanism to go from Acetyl-CoA to Pyruvate. Only in the reverse direction (Pyruvate dehydrogenase).
You cannot make glucose from fatty acids!!!!
Carbohydrate metabolism from 1000 ft

Fundamental links between carbodydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism

Regulation of glucagon release from alpha cells
Insulin!!!! You never have high insulin and high glucagon unless something has gone very wrong.
High levels of circulating amino acids stimulate release of glucagon, as does epinephrine (sympathetic nervous system activation).
Beta islet insulin release diagram

Insulin and glucagon sensing

84-95% of human fuel storage is in the form of ___.
84-95% of human fuel storage is in the form of fat.
Where metabolism takes place in the cell

Lipoprotein traffic

Pyruvate dehydrogenase must be irreversible in order to ____.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase must be irreversible in order to commit methyl groups on Acetyl-CoA to the citric acid cycle.
The carbon skeleton of alanine is the same as that for ____.
The carbon skeleton of alanine is the same as that for pyruvate.
Pyruvate is made from alanine via the action of alanine transaminase. The amino group for this reaction is given to α-ketoglutarate to form L-glutamate. This reaction also requires pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, aka vitamin B6) as a coenzyme.
Insulin signaling via RTKs

Glucagon/Epinephrine-regulated metabolism at 1000 ft

Various outputs of Akt

In addition to glucagon, ____ also helps stimulate glucose production and release
In addition to glucagon, epinephrine also helps stimulate glucose producUon and release
Amino acid metabolism from 1000 ft

Insulin-regulated metabolism at 1000 ft

Key pathways of amino acid metabolism



