Hormonal Control of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Lipid metabolism from 1000 ft

A
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2
Q

Insulin vs cortisol on protein metabolism

A
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3
Q

Why does the brain need to be able to function on ketone bodies as well as glucose?

A

In starvation, glucose is the first to go, and there is no way to convert fatty acids into glucose in the human body. Instead, ketone bodies serve as a mechanism to transport energy from fatty acids to the brain to maintain brain function.

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4
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A
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5
Q

Important differences between energy storage lipids and membrane lipids

A

Energy storage: Mostly triacylglycerols, which are of neutral charge. Exclusively utilize palmitic acid.

Membrane lipids: Mostly contain a phosphate group coupled to an alcohol, making them negatively charged. Utilize various fatty acids including unsaturated fatty acids.

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6
Q

If insulin falls low, ___ slows or stops in skeletal muscle cells. If it falls too low, skeletal myocytes will _____.

A

If insulin falls low, muscle production slows or stops in skeletal muscle cells. If it falls too low, skeletal myocytes will degrade their own protein to release it into the blood.

Utimately these amino acids would then be utilized to synthesize glucose for the brain.

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7
Q

Humans do not posess a mechanism to go from ____ to ____. Only in the reverse direction.

A

Humans do not posess a mechanism to go from Acetyl-CoA to Pyruvate. Only in the reverse direction (Pyruvate dehydrogenase).

You cannot make glucose from fatty acids!!!!

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8
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism from 1000 ft

A
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9
Q

Fundamental links between carbodydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism

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10
Q

Regulation of glucagon release from alpha cells

A

Insulin!!!! You never have high insulin and high glucagon unless something has gone very wrong.

High levels of circulating amino acids stimulate release of glucagon, as does epinephrine (sympathetic nervous system activation).

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11
Q

Beta islet insulin release diagram

A
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12
Q

Insulin and glucagon sensing

A
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13
Q

84-95% of human fuel storage is in the form of ___.

A

84-95% of human fuel storage is in the form of fat.

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14
Q

Where metabolism takes place in the cell

A
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15
Q

Lipoprotein traffic

A
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16
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase must be irreversible in order to ____.

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase must be irreversible in order to commit methyl groups on Acetyl-CoA to the citric acid cycle.

17
Q

The carbon skeleton of alanine is the same as that for ____.

A

The carbon skeleton of alanine is the same as that for pyruvate.

Pyruvate is made from alanine via the action of alanine transaminase. The amino group for this reaction is given to α-ketoglutarate to form L-glutamate. This reaction also requires pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, aka vitamin B6) as a coenzyme.

18
Q

Insulin signaling via RTKs

19
Q

Glucagon/Epinephrine-regulated metabolism at 1000 ft

20
Q

Various outputs of Akt

21
Q

In addition to glucagon, ____ also helps stimulate glucose production and release

A

In addition to glucagon, epinephrine also helps stimulate glucose producUon and release

22
Q

Amino acid metabolism from 1000 ft

23
Q

Insulin-regulated metabolism at 1000 ft

24
Q

Key pathways of amino acid metabolism

25
Major lipases in lipid transport regulation
**Hormone-sensitive lipase** is expressed in **adipocytes** in response to **glucagon or epinephrine** and triggers **release of triacylglycerides** by adipocytes. **Lipoprotein lipase** is expressed in **capillaries** in response to **insulin** and triggers the **conversion of circulating lipoprotein particles** (**chylomicrons and VLDL**) **into fatty acids** to allow **bordering adipocytes** to **absorb** the fatty acids.
26
How do beta islet cells sense glucose?
Glut2 transports glucose into the cell and enables ATP generation via oxidative phosphorylation. **In beta islet cells, ATP inhibits an ATP-gated K+ channel.** Closing this channel causes **depolarization** of the membrane**,** leading to **Voltage-gated Ca2+** channel opening and **calcium-mediated vescile fusion** and **insulin release.**
27
Dietary fat ingestion
28
Male and Female body fat percentages
Male: 18-24% Female: 25-31% Over these ranges is considered clinically obese.
29
Phosphorylation by ___ activates hormone-sensitive lipase
Phosphorylation by **PKA** activates hormone-sensitive lipase
30
Unlike carbohydrates and lipids, protein serves an additional role as _____ and thus overutilization has functional consequences.
Unlike carbohydrates and lipids, protein serves an additional role as **a building block in both mitotic and post-mitotic cells** and thus overutilization has functional consequences. Especially on skeletal muscle
31
How fat cells release fatty acids
32
Fuel homeostasis following meal
33
Cortisol activates the expression of genes that promote ___ breakdown.
Cortisol activates the expression of genes that promote **skeletal muscle** breakdown. These include E3 ubiquitin ligases that recognize sacromere components.