Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MP223 > Hormonal Control of Growth, Development and Reproduction > Flashcards

Hormonal Control of Growth, Development and Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

at what stage of development is insulin and insulin like growth hormones important?

A

during prenatal and postanatal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

at what stage of development is growth hormone important?

A

post natal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

at what stage of development is thyroid hormone important ?

A

for prenatal brain development and postnatal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

at what stage of develpoment is sex hormones(testosterone and estradiol) important?

A

during puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is growth hormone secreted?

A

by somatotropic cells in the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the release of growth hormone?

A

pulsitile- secretion occurs in discrete but irregular pulses between pulses GH levels can be undetectable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when is the amplitude of GH secretory pulses maximal?

A

at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what determines height

A

bone growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is new bone tissue added

A

epiphyseal growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when does bone growth stop?

A

once the epiphyseal growth plate closes(it is converted to bone), no more bone growth can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do osteoblasts do at the epiphyseal plate?

A

convert Cartlidge to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do chondrocytes do at the epiphyseal plate?

A

add new Cartlidge here, pushing the bone up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what hormones stimulate bone growth?

A

insulin like growth factor and growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does growth hormone do?

A

stimulates differentiation of precursour cells in the epiphyseal plate into chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do differentiated chondrocytes do?

A

secrete IGF-1 and become responsive to IGF-1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does IGF-1 do?

A

stimulates chondrocyte cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

other important effects og GH/IGF-1?

A
  • stimulate protein synthesis in the muscles and other cell types
  • increases levels of circulating energy sources
  • IGF-1 is a powerful mitogen, promoting cell growth and division throughout the body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the role of thyroid hormone in growth and development?

A

stimulates synthesis of GH, potentiates the effects of GH and IGF-1 on bone growth, promotes the differentiation of chondrocytes.

19
Q

what are gonads?

A

testes and ovarys (the reproductive organs in male and females

20
Q

what do the gonads do?

A

they produce gametes and secrete steroid hormones(sex hormones)

21
Q

what are the highest sex hormones in males?

A

testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

22
Q

what are the highest sex hormones in females?

A

oestrogen (mainly estradiol) and progesterone

23
Q

what are gonadotrophins?

A

any of a group of hormones secreted by the pituitary which stimulate the activity of the gonads (FSH/LH)

24
Q

what are gonadotrophs

A

endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that produce the gonadotropins

25
Q

how are sex hormones synthesized?

A

the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH) which causes the gonadotrophs in the pituitary to release FSH and LH (gonadotrophins) which cause the release of sex hormones at the ovaries/testes

26
Q

what is the event that causes an onset of puberty?

A

increase in pulsatile GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

27
Q

what important role does kisspeptin do for the onset of puberty?

A

The peptide kisspeptin is important for the onset of puberty. this peptide triggers GnRH release from GnHR neurons in the hypothalamus

28
Q

what does LH do in males?

A

causes the leydig cells to release testosterone

29
Q

what does FSH do in males?

A

causes the Sertoli cells to secrete inhibin and in the presence of testosterone causes spermatogenesis

30
Q

what can testosterone be converted to in males?

A

dihydrotestosterone and estradiol, which also have important functions in male development

31
Q

what is the Main effects of testosterone on growth ?

A

Stimulate secretion of GH
Stimulate protein synthesis in many tissues (e.g. muscle)

32
Q

what does the ovarian cycle describe?

A

The ovarian cycle describes changes occurring in the follicles of the ovary (follicles contain a single oocyte (immature ovum))

33
Q

what does the uterine cycle describe?

A

The uterine cycle describes changes that occur in the endometrial lining of the uterus

34
Q

what is the menopause caused by?

A

failure of the ovaries to respond to gonadotropins

35
Q

what happens during menopause?

A

Concentration of plasma estrogen is too low to maintain tissues that are dependent on this hormone

36
Q

why may osteoporosis occur during the menopause?

A

because oestrogen is a bone-protective hormone

37
Q

What does HRT involve?

A

administering oestrogen/progesterone

38
Q

what does FSH and LH do at the beginning of the cycle?

A

FSH and LH stimulate the release of oestrogen from the ovarian follicles. One follicle becomes dominant and secretes high levels of oestrogen. This surge in oestrogen exerts a positive feedback effect leading to a surge in LH and FSH LEVELS. LH surge triggers ovulation.

39
Q

in what does the corpus luteum do?

A

corpus luteum secretes high amounts of oestrogen and progesterone.

40
Q

what does the oestrogen and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum cause?

A

negative feedback of oestrogen and progesterone leads to low FSH and LH levels.

41
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy doesn’t occur?

A

the corpus luteum degrades, leading to a fall in oestrogen and progesterone…. as a result FSH and LH levels start to rise.

42
Q

what do oestrogen and progesterone do to the endometrium?

A

estrogen and progesterone stimulate the thickening and development of the endometrium in preparation for possible pregnancy.

43
Q

what causes menestration?

A

As levels of oestrogen and progesterone fall (as corpus luteum degenerates) this leads to degeneration of the endometrium and menstruation

44
Q

what is Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

A

HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs
The corpus luteum regresses after ~ 3 months after which estrogen/progesterone secretion is from placenta

MP223 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions