Hormonal Communication Qs

Question 1

Define gluconeogenesis

Answer 1

When glucose is made from lipids and proteins .

Question 2

Where is insulin secreted?

Answer 2

In the Beta Cells in the islet of Langerhans

Question 3

True or False :
The endocrine gland is a ductless gland .

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Glycogenolysis is…

Answer 4

when glycogen is broken down into glucose

Question 5

Where is glucagon secreted ?

Answer 5

In the alpha cells

Question 6

A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates…

Answer 6

glucagon secretion

Question 7

Name 2 features of chemical ( hormonal ) signals :

Answer 7

Act slowly
Have a longer lasting impact

Question 8

Define Homeostasis

Answer 8

The maintenance of a constant internal environment within a set limit.

Question 9

Name a cause of type 2 diabetes

Answer 9

Glycoprotein receptors lose their responsiveness to insulin

Question 10

An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates..

Answer 10

insulin secretion

Question 11

Define glycogenesis

Answer 11

when glucose is converted into glycogen

Question 12

What is a peptide hormone ?
( Give an example too)

Answer 12

A peptide hormone is an insoluble hormone , such as Adrenaline

Question 13

What is a steroid hormone ? ( Give an example too)

Answer 13

A lipid soluble hormone that can diffuse across the membrane .
For example , Oestrogen.

Question 14

Name 3 features of an Endocrine gland

Answer 14

Ductless
Involve hormones
Secretions IN blood

Question 15

Name 3 features of an exocrine gland

Answer 15

Secretions OUT of body
No hormones
Through a duct

Question 16

What is the other name for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 16

Early onset

Question 17

What is the condition of Type 1 diabetes ?

Answer 17

Beta cells unable to make insulin

Question 18

Condition of type 2 diabetes :

Answer 18

Glycoprotein receptors become resistant to insulin
Beta cells don’t produce enough insulin

Question 19

Name the cause of Type 1 diabetes

Answer 19

Mainly unknown
The autoimmune response to beta cells

Question 20

Cause of Type 2 diabetes :

Answer 20

Glycoprotein receptors lose responsiveness to insulin
Poor diet & lack of exercise

Question 21

What are 3 treatments for type 2 diabetes ?

Answer 21

Regulate carbohydrates intake
Drugs to stimulate insulin production
Regular exercise

Question 22

What was insulin initially made from?
What were the issues with this method?

Answer 22

Originally made using slaughtered animal remains ( e.g - pig)

The issues with this were:
Religious and ethical concerns
Impure yield of insulin was made
Allergy risk

Question 23

Advantages of producing insulin through GM production.

Answer 23

No religious questions
Purer yield
Less expensive

Question 24

Evaluate the different types of treatment for type 1 diabetes, including advantages and disadvantages of each. ( 6 marker)

Question 25

Main issue with a pancreas transplant

Answer 25

Organ rejection

Question 26

Main issue with injecting beta cells

Answer 26

There is a low success rate

Question 27

Explain the steps involved in insulin secretion when there are high glucose levels. (5 marks)

Answer 27

1)Glucose enters through the glucose transporter into the beta cell.
2)Glucose is metabolised by the mitochondria into ATP.
3)ATP binds to the potassium ion channel, causing it to close.
4) This leads to a k+ buildup within the cell as the ion can no longer diffuse out.
5) This depolarises the membrane to -30mv.
6)This allows the voltage gated calcium ion gate to open, allowing calcium ions to enter.
7)The calcium ions enter and cause secretory vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing insulin via exocytosis.

Question 28

What are the two components of the adrenal glands?

Answer 28

Adrenal cortex- outside layer
Adrenal medulla- middle