Hormonal Communication Qs Flashcards
Define gluconeogenesis
When glucose is made from lipids and proteins .
Where is insulin secreted?
In the Beta Cells in the islet of Langerhans
True or False :
The endocrine gland is a ductless gland .
True
Glycogenolysis is…
when glycogen is broken down into glucose
Where is glucagon secreted ?
In the alpha cells
A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates…
glucagon secretion
Name 2 features of chemical ( hormonal ) signals :
Act slowly
Have a longer lasting impact
Define Homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment within a set limit.
Name a cause of type 2 diabetes
Glycoprotein receptors lose their responsiveness to insulin
An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates..
insulin secretion
Define glycogenesis
when glucose is converted into glycogen
What is a peptide hormone ?
( Give an example too)
A peptide hormone is an insoluble hormone , such as Adrenaline
What is a steroid hormone ? ( Give an example too)
A lipid soluble hormone that can diffuse across the membrane .
For example , Oestrogen.
Name 3 features of an Endocrine gland
Ductless
Involve hormones
Secretions IN blood
Name 3 features of an exocrine gland
Secretions OUT of body
No hormones
Through a duct
What is the other name for type 1 diabetes?
Early onset
What is the condition of Type 1 diabetes ?
Beta cells unable to make insulin
Condition of type 2 diabetes :
Glycoprotein receptors become resistant to insulin
Beta cells don’t produce enough insulin
Name the cause of Type 1 diabetes
Mainly unknown
The autoimmune response to beta cells
Cause of Type 2 diabetes :
Glycoprotein receptors lose responsiveness to insulin
Poor diet & lack of exercise
What are 3 treatments for type 2 diabetes ?
Regulate carbohydrates intake
Drugs to stimulate insulin production
Regular exercise
What was insulin initially made from?
What were the issues with this method?
Originally made using slaughtered animal remains ( e.g - pig)
The issues with this were:
Religious and ethical concerns
Impure yield of insulin was made
Allergy risk
Advantages of producing insulin through GM production.
No religious questions
Purer yield
Less expensive
Evaluate the different types of treatment for type 1 diabetes, including advantages and disadvantages of each. ( 6 marker)
Main issue with a pancreas transplant
Organ rejection
Main issue with injecting beta cells
There is a low success rate
Explain the steps involved in insulin secretion when there are high glucose levels. (5 marks)
1)Glucose enters through the glucose transporter into the beta cell.
2)Glucose is metabolised by the mitochondria into ATP.
3)ATP binds to the potassium ion channel, causing it to close.
4) This leads to a k+ buildup within the cell as the ion can no longer diffuse out.
5) This depolarises the membrane to -30mv.
6)This allows the voltage gated calcium ion gate to open, allowing calcium ions to enter.
7)The calcium ions enter and cause secretory vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing insulin via exocytosis.
What are the two components of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal cortex- outside layer
Adrenal medulla- middle
