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Biology-Communication and Homeostasis > Hormonal Communication Part 2 > Flashcards

Hormonal Communication Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood glucose control an example of?

A

Negative feedback

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2
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels rise (hyper) to return them back to normal levels?

A

-Blood glucose level rises ->
-Beta cells respond by secreting insulin into blood ->
-Insulin binds to receptors on almost all cell membranes ->
-Blood glucose level lowered by one of 4 ways ->
-Return of blood glucose level to normal ->
-Beta cells reduce insulin secretion ->
-Normal level returns

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3
Q

What are the one in 4 ways for Hyperglycaemia?

A

-Respiration
-Glycogenesis
-Converted to lipid
-Cells absorb glucose

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4
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels fall (hypo) to return them back to normal levels?

A

-Blood glucose level falls ->
-Alpha cells respond by secreting glucagon into the blood ->
-Glucagon binds to receptors on hepatocyte membranes only ->
-Blood glucose level raised by one of two ways ->
-Return of blood glucose level to normal
-Alpha cells reduce glucagon secretion ->
-Normal level returns

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5
Q

What are the one in 2 ways for Hypoglycaemia?

A

-Gluconeogenisis
-Glycogenolysis

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6
Q

What is the first step in regulating blood glucose levels after beta cells recognise the rise in sugar levels?

A

Cells membrane has potassium and calcium ion channels

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7
Q

What is the second step in regulating blood glucose levels after beta cells recognise the rise in sugar levels?

A

The potassium ion channels are normally open so ions flow out

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8
Q

What is the third step in regulating blood glucose levels after beta cells recognise the rise in sugar levels?

A

When blood glucose concentration is high the glucose moves into the cell

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9
Q

What is the fourth step in regulating blood glucose levels after beta cells recognise the rise in sugar levels?

A

Glucose is metabolised to produce ATP

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10
Q

What is the fifth step in regulating blood glucose levels after beta cells recognise the rise in sugar levels?

A

ATP closes the potassium ion channels

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11
Q

What is the sixth step in regulating blood glucose levels after beta cells recognise the rise in sugar levels?

A

Accumulation of potassium ions alters the potential difference across the cell membrane so the inside become less negative

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12
Q

What is the seventh step in regulating blood glucose levels after beta cells recognise the rise in sugar levels?

A

The change in potential difference opens the calcium ion channels

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13
Q

What is the eighth step in regulating blood glucose levels after beta cells recognise the rise in sugar levels?

A

Calcium ions cause the vesicles of insulin to fuse with cell membrane, releasing insulin in exocytosis

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14
Q

What is the official name for Diabetes?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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15
Q

What is Diabetes?

A

Inability to control blood glucose concentration

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16
Q

What are the 2 most common types of diabetes?

A

-Type 1
-Type 2

17
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

-Called insulin dependent or early onset diabetes
-Body’s immune system attacks beta cells so insufficient insulin production

18
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

-Called non-insulin dependent or late onset
-Reduced number of insulin receptors on muscle and liver cells with age

19
Q

What is essential for the Heart Rate to do?

A

Respond to the needs of the individual

20
Q

What homeostasis is HR responding to needs of individual?

A

Homeostasis of Blood Composition

21
Q

What can variations occur to from this homeostasis?

A

-Heart Rate
-Strength of Each Beat
-Stroke Volume

22
Q

What is the SA node responsible for?

A

Initiating the heartbeat

23
Q

What is the set frequency of the SA node?

A

60-80 bpm

24
Q

What is the SA node supplied with?

A

Nerves from autonomic nervous system which is divided into 2

25
Q

What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

-Sympathetic system
-Parasympathetic system

26
Q

What do we call these 2 parts?

A

Antagonistic

27
Q

What controls the autonomic nerves?

A

Medulla Oblongata

28
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

-Controls a cardiovascular centre
-Receives sensory information from receptors
-Sympathetic or parasympathetic systems are activated accordingly

29
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker used for?

A

-Correct slow or disrupted heartbeats caused by disease or age

30
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

Electronic devices implanted under the skin

31
Q

What does a artificial pacemaker do?

A

Generates a pulse to one or more chambers of the heart

32
Q

What 2 ways do artificial pacemakers generate a pulse?

A

-Some send regular pluses to the heart
-Some react to heartbeat and only send pulse when ventricles miss a beat

Biology-Communication and Homeostasis (5 decks)

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