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Bio Module 5 > Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

Hormonal Communication Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the pathway of hormonal communication?

A

Stimulus -> Receptors -> hormone -> effectors -> response

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2
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

It is a group of specialised cells that secrete hormones DIRECTLY into the bloodstream

Eg. Adrenal gland, pituitary gland

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3
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

It has a duct through which chemicals are released

Eg. Bile duct, sweat glands, pancreas

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4
Q

Effects of steroid hormones on the cell:

A

Pass through lipid component of the cell as they are hydrophobic

They then bind to steroid hormone receptors to form a hormone-receptor complex which attaches to DNA and acts as a T.F

These receptors can be found in the cytoplasm or the nucleus

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5
Q

Effect of non-steroid hormones on the cell:

A

Can’t pass through cell membrane as they’re hydrophilic

Binds to specific receptors in the surface of the target cell’s membrane

They activate an enzyme which causes the release of a second messenger (cAMP).

This triggers a cascade of enzyme-controlled chemical reactions

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6
Q

What is the method of transmission in the endocrine system?

A

Through the bloodstream

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7
Q

What is the speed of transmission in the endocrine system?

A

Slow

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8
Q

What is the length of effect in the endocrine system?

A

Long - until hormone is broken down

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9
Q

What are the 2 major roles of the pancreas?

A

Synthesise digestive enzymes
Controls blood glucose levels

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10
Q

What are the 3 most important digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas?

A

Amylases
Proteases
Lipases

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11
Q

What is the exocrine tissue in the pancreas?

A

The acini.

Each acini has a central duct into which digestive enzymes are secreted. The ducts join up the main pancreatic duct which is released into the small intestine.

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12
Q

What is the exocrine tissue in the pancreas?

A

The Islet of Langerhans.

Each Islet of Langerhans is the supported with a capillary network. Hormones are secreted directly into the blood via these capillaries.

Alpha and beta cells are found here

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13
Q

Which two cells are found in this tissue and what does each type of cell produce?

A

Alpha cells - produce glucagon

Beta cells - produce insulin

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14
Q

What concentration is glucose normally maintained at in the blood?

A

90mg per 100cm3

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15
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen is split into glucose

Blood glucose conc. increases as a result

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16
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

New glucose molecules are made from non-carbohydrate sources

Eg. Glycerol and amino acids

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17
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Glucose is converted to glycogen

Glucose conc. falls

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18
Q

In which water is blood glucose conc. maintained?

A

Respiration
Exercise
Glycogenesis

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19
Q

What type of hormones are insulin and glucagon?

A

They are Antagonistic hormones which means they work against each other

20
Q

What type of feedback is used to regulate blood glucose conc. ?

A

Negative feedback

21
Q

What makes up the adrenal glands?

A

The medulla (inner part) and the cortex (outer part)

22
Q

What two types of stimuli trigger hormone secretion?

A

The arrival of an electrical impulse

Changes in concentration

23
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones produced in the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

24
Q

What do glucocorticoids do and name and example?

A

Eg. Cortisol

They help the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the liver, stimulating the breakdown of proteins and fats into glucose.

Cortisol is released in response to stress as a result of low blood glucose

25
Q

What are the functions of mineralocorticoids and name an example?

A

Eg. Aldosterone

Maintains blood pressure by controlling sodium & potassium concentrations in the blood by acting on cells in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Causes increased reabsorption of Na,
Decreased reabsorption of K and increases water retention

26
Q

What are the functions of androgens?

A

They regulate secondary sexual characteristics (steroid-based)

Important in females after menopause

27
Q

What two hormones does the adrenal medulla release?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

28
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A

(Non-steroid)

Increases heart rate, quickly sending blood to brain and muscles. Rapidly increases glucose conc. by converting glycogen to glucose in the liver

29
Q

What is the role of noradrenaline?

A

Works with adrenaline in response to stress

widens airways, widens pupils and vasoconstriction of blood vessels to non-essential organs

30
Q

Why may blood glucose conc. increase?

A

Diet - eating carbohydrate rich foods

Glycogenolysis - glycogen is split into glucose

Gluconeogenesis - new glucose molecules are made from non-carbohydrate sources eg. Glycerol

31
Q

How may blood glucose conc. decrease?

A

Respiration - some glucose is used

Exercise - more glucose is needed to release energy for muscle contraction

Glycogenesis - glucogen —> glycogen

32
Q

What type of hormones are insulin and glucagon?

A

They are antagonistic hormones meaning the work against each other

33
Q

What type of feedback is used to regulate blood glucose conc. ?

A

Negative feedback

34
Q

Control of insulin secretion when blood glucose conc. is low:

A

When blood glucose conc. is low then potassium ion channels remain open and calcium channels are closed

Potassium ions leave the cell whilst calcium ions are unable to enter

Cell has a potential difference of -70mV

35
Q

What cells detect when blood glucose conc. is too high?

A

Beta cells in the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas produce insulin and release it into the bloodstream

36
Q

What happens when blood glucose conc. is too high?

A

1) Glucose molecules move into the beta cell via a glucose transporter in the cell membrane

2) glucose is metabolised in the mitochondria, producing ATP

3) this excess ATP causes potassium ion channels to close (they are phosphorylated).

4) this causes a change in p.d across the membrane -70mV to -30mV causing depolarisation

5) this depolarisation causes calcium ion channels to open and calcium ions begin to diffusing into the cell

6) this increase in calcium ions stimulate (secretory) vesicles containing insulin to fuse with the cell membrane

7) insulin is then released by exocytosis into the bloodstream

37
Q

What is the action of insulin?

A

1) insulin binds to receptor molecules on the surface of body cells. This increases the rate of glucose absorption - especially in liver and muscle cells

2) insulin stimulates an increase in glycogenesis (glucose —> glycogen) and glucose conversion to fat.

3) the effects of insulin cause blood glucose conc. to fall

38
Q

What is diabetes?

A

An inability to control blood glucose concentration

39
Q

What are some symptoms of diabetes?

A

Excessive thirst, blurred vision, high blood sugar

40
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Genetic

Patients unable to produce insulin due to faulty beta cells.

Autoimmune response that normally develops in childhood

41
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Caused by Lifestyle

Patients can produce insulin but may not properly respond to it or are unable to produce enough.

Often malfunctions on insulin receptors.

Symptoms are similar to type 1 but develop slower and are less severe. Risk increases with age

42
Q

What are the consequences of an insufficient quantity of insulin?

A

Excess glucose isn’t removed quickly

No glycogen store

Hypoglycaemia as glucose conc. in cells are low

43
Q

What are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity
High sugar diet
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history
Asian or Afro-Caribbean heritage

44
Q

Where are adult stem cells usually sourced from?

A

Bone marrow and placenta

45
Q

Why is insulin produced by genetically engineered bacteria and not from pigs?

A

Less chance of rejection
Lower chance of infection
Cheaper to manufacture than extract
Less ethical/moral objections

Bio Module 5 (4 decks)

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