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Biology module 5 > Hormonal communication > Flashcards

Hormonal communication Flashcards

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1
Q

How endocrine glands work, examples

A

Secrete chemicals directly into the blood stream e.g. adrenal glands, pancreas

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2
Q

How exocrine glands work, examples

A

Secrete chemicals through ducts into organs or the surface of the body e.g. salivary glands

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3
Q

Features of steroid hormones

A
  • lipid soluble (pass through membrane)
  • bind to steroid hormone receptors to form hormone receptor complex, which acts as a transcription factor
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4
Q

Features of non-steroid hormones

A
  • hydrophilic (can’t pass through membrane)
  • bind to receptors on cell surface membrane, triggering a cascade reaction mediated by second messengers
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5
Q

Where is the adrenal cortex and medulla in the kidneys

A
  • Cortex= outer
  • Medulla= inner
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6
Q

Main hormones released by the adrenal cortex

A
  • Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)
  • Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)
  • Androgens (e.g. oestrogen, testosterone)
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7
Q

Main hormones released by adrenal medulla

A
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
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8
Q

Role of the Pancreas as an exocrine gland

A

Produces digestive enzymes e.g. amylase, protease, lipase, which are secreted into ducts and then released into the small intestine

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9
Q

What are islets of langerhans

A
  • small regions on endocrine tissue within the exocrine tissue in the pancreas
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10
Q

Role of the pancreas as an endocrine gland

A

Produces insulin and glucagon, and releases them directly into the blood stream

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11
Q

Where in the pancreas are insulin and glucagon produced and secreted

A
  • in the islets of Langerhans
  • Alpha cells= Glucagon
  • Beta cells= Insulin
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12
Q

Ways to increase blood glucose concentration

A
  • diet
  • glycogenolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
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13
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A
  • glycogen stored in the liver and muscle cells is broken into glucose which is released into the blood stream
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14
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A
  • production of glucose from non-carb sources (e.g. lipids and amino acids) which is then released into the blood stream
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15
Q

Ways to decrease blood glucose concentration

A
  • respiration
  • glycogenesis
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16
Q

What is glycogenesis

A
  • production of glycogen
  • excess glucose is converted to glycogen which is stored in the liver
17
Q

How insulin affects cells

A
  • binds to receptors, causing a change in the tertiary structure of glucose transport protein channels
  • channels open, allowing glucose to enter the cell
18
Q

Ways that insulin lowers blood glucose concentration

A
  • Increases the rate of absorption of glucose by cells
  • increases cell respiratory rate
  • increases rate of glycogenesis
  • increase rate of glucose => fat conversion
  • inhibits release of glucagon from alpha cells
19
Q

How is insulin secretion negative feedback

A
  • as glucose concentration returns to normal, Beta cells detect the change and reduce insulin scretion
20
Q

How glucagon affects low glucose concentrations

A
  • liver and fat cells have glucagon receptors, only cells that respond to glucagon
  • causes them to release glucose
21
Q

Ways glucagon raises blood glucose concentration

A
  • increased glycogenolysis
  • reduce amount if glucose absorbed by liver cells
  • increased gluconeogenesis
22
Q

How is glucagon system an example of negative feedback

A
  • as the glucose concentration returns to normal, alpha cells detect and reduce secretion of glucagon
23
Q

What is the interaction between insulin and glucagon

A
  • antagonistic hormones
  • self- regulating system
24
Q

How insulin is secreted

A
  • When blood glucose concentration rises, glucose enters cells by a glucose transporter
  • Glucose is metabolised inside the mitochondria, results in production of ATP
  • ATP binds to potassium channels, causes them to close
  • Potassium ions can no longer diffuse out the cell, the potential difference of the cell reduces to -30mV, depolarisation occurs
  • depolarisation causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open
  • calcium ions enter through the channels into the cell, causing secretory vessels to release insulin by exocytosis
25
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • B cells in IOL don’t produce sufficient/any insulin
  • usually begins in childhood
26
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • B cells don’t produce enough insulin, or the body doesn’t respond to insulin properly, often as glycoprotein insulin receptor doesn’t work properly
  • often result of excessive body weight, lack of activity, overeating of carbs
27
Q

Treatment of type 1 diabetes

A
  • insulin injections
28
Q

Treatment of type 2 diabetes

A
  • Regulate carb intake
  • drugs that e.g. stimulate insulin production, slow the rate the body absorbs glucose
  • sometimes insulin injections
29
Q

Medically produced insulin

A
  • originally obtained from cows/pigs- risk of allergens, expensive, unethical
  • now made by genetically modified bacteria= mass production, cheaper, overcome ethics, less risk of rejection
30
Q

How stem cells can be used to treat diabetes

A
  • totipotent cells can differentiate into B cells to restore insulin production
  • stem cells likely to be taken from embryos
31
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of stem cells for diabtetes

A

Strengths:
- unlimited source
- less risk of rejection
- no longer have to inject/take treatment
Weaknesses:
- potential risk of induced tumours
- ethics with embryonic stem cells

Biology module 5 (4 decks)

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