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Soils & Hydrology > Horizons > Flashcards

Horizons Flashcards

0
Q

The Four Processes

A

Losses, additions, transformations, and translocations

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1
Q

The Five Factors of Soil Formation

A

Parent material, climate, time, organisms, and slope

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2
Q

Transport of parent materials by water is called…

A

alluvium

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3
Q

Transport of parent materials by gravity is called…

A

coluvium

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4
Q

Transport of parent materials by lake beds drying up is called…

A

lacustrine

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5
Q

Transport of parent materials by wind is called…

A

aeolian

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6
Q

Transport of parent materials by ocean is called…

A

marine

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7
Q

Transport of parent materials by retreating glaciers is called…

A

glacial till

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8
Q

Transport of parent materials by glaciers melting is called…

A

glacial outwash

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9
Q

Alluvium is found…

A

in floodplains and terraces

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10
Q

Colluvium is found…

A

at footslopes

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11
Q

Lacustrine is found…

A

in dried-up lake beds

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12
Q

Aeolian is found…

A

in windblown deposits or dunes

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13
Q

Marine is found…

A

in exposed ocean deposits

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14
Q

Glacial till is found…

A

in broad glacial plains

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15
Q

Glacial outwash is found….

A

in areas within glaciated areas

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16
Q

Alluvium is identifiable by being…

A

sandy/silty with no B

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17
Q

Colluvium is identifiable by…

A

being similar to soils uphill

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18
Q

Lacustrine is identifiable by…

A

silty/clayey

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19
Q

Aeolian is identifiable by…

A

sandy or silty

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20
Q

Marine is identifiable by…

A

mixed sands and clays

21
Q

Glacial till is identifiable by…

A

mixed sandy/silty

22
Q

Glacial outwash is identifiable by…

A

sand/gravel deposits

23
Q

Highly decomposed litter forms the ___ horizon.

A

Oa

24
Q

Partially decomposed litter (usually with fungi about) forms the ___ horizon.

A

Oe

25
Q

Slightly decomposed litter that is still identifiable forms the ___ horizon.

A

Oi

26
Q

Dark soils with an abrupt boundary high in the profile forms the ___ horizon.

A

Ap

27
Q

Dark soils deeper in the horizon than normal forms the ___ horizon.

A

Ab

28
Q

A horizons are dark due to

A

humus content

29
Q

Eluvium forms the ___ horizon.

A

E

30
Q

Illuvial humus with blocky structure and a high Fe content forms the ___ horizon.

A

Bh

31
Q

Illuvial clay, usually called “clay films”, with a blocky structure and high Fe content forms the ___ horizon.

A

Bt

32
Q

Illuvial Fe present in clay with a blocky structure forms the ___ horizon.

A

Bw

33
Q

A blocky structure of Fe that has been gleyed (has a chroma of 2 or less) forms the ___ horizon.

A

Bg

34
Q

Visible rock in the bottom layer of soil forms the ___ horizon.

A

Cr

35
Q

Gleyed soils with a massive structure forms the ___ horizon.

A

Cg

36
Q

The solum consists of horizons…

A

A, E, and B

37
Q

The regolith consists of the horizons…

A

A, E, B, and C

38
Q

Saprolite is ________ and occurs in the __ horizon.

A

weathered parent material; C

39
Q

A thick and dark A with a Munsell value of 2 or less and a high amount of basic cations (Ca, Mg, and K)

A

Mollic

40
Q

Deep and dark A that is more acidic

A

Umbric

41
Q

Peat and muck A horizons, more resembling an O

A

Histic

42
Q

Light-colored or shallow A horizons

A

Ochric

43
Q

B horizon with a blocky structure, illuvial Fe, but no illuvial clay.

A

Cambic

44
Q

B horizon with illuvial clay and typically has high Fe content. Has a well-developed blocky structure

A

Spodic

45
Q

B horizon with lots of illuvial clay and Fe; very thick, and typically only found in the tropics

A

Oxic

46
Q

Ochric or umbric over argillic - mature soils without much leeching yet

A

Alfisol

47
Q

Desert soils; soluble salts in solum

A

Aridisol

48
Q

Volcanic ash parent material

A

Andisols

49
Q

Ochric or umbric A over C with no B; extremely young soils

A

Entisols

50
Q

Cold climates with permafrost

A

Gelisols

51
Q

Ochric or umbric over Bw - still pretty young

A

Inceptisols

Soils & Hydrology (1 decks)

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