HOPT Lecture 3 Al-farabi & Ibn Rushd Flashcards

1
Q

Abu Hamid ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali 1058-1111

A

Proof of Islam (hujjat al-islam)

  • persian theologian, jurist and suffi (mystic)
  • most important thinker of islams golden age
  • Main work: The Confusion / Incoherence of the philosophers (Tahafut al falasifa)
    • Ibn Rushd (response) The incoherence of the incoherence (tahafut al tahafut)
    • —> critic of the philosophers (Al farabi, İbni Sinna)
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2
Q

According to Al-Ghazali: Three sins of the philosophers

A

1- at last judgment only imaterial souls are rewarded and punished; no ressurction of the body

2- God only knows universals not individuals
subject, reasın, logic. application of plato into medieval islam

3- The world is eternal (no creation)

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3
Q

Al Gazali: 1-3 odds with Islam

A

1-3 may seem theological but also political because:
- (belief in) gods reward and punishment secure morality / law (same view that john locke has)

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4
Q

an argument made by ghaazali that is repeated in history:

A

gods punishment play a role ( a necessary one apperantly) in securing moral political life.

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5
Q

Spinoza and gods punishment

A

if you dont beleive in gods punishment you are a thereat to the political order (supports al ghazali)

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6
Q

Al Ghazali

A

thinks his teachings are dangerous to the polity

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7
Q

Al Ghazali and philosophers

A

understadns the philospohers right with no error”

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8
Q

“Munkidh min al-Dalal (delivarance from error)”

A

Important point: in lots of contexts, theology/ metaphysics are central to political life (maybe not related to this flashcard concept not sure)

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9
Q

Political Theology

A

the ways in whifh theological concepts or ways of thinking relate (and shape) politics

Can be found wherever state/society/ideology presupposes claims about the nature of reality (ontology) and where religion/theology is influential

what is a people? what is power?

often political theology is used to refer to a thesis: (Carl Schmitt) concepts of politics are secularized versions of theological concepts

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10
Q

Islam (surrender to god) (not sure if necessary)

A

pillars of islam

1-faith
2-5 times prayer
2-giving charity
3-fasting in ramdan
4-pilgirmage to mecca

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11
Q

6 requiremetns of faith in islam

A

Six pillars of faith
1-belief in god
2-existince of angels belief
3-belief in holy books
4-belief in prophets
5-belief in judgement day and resseruction
6-beleiving in gods predestination (kaderin allahın takdiri olduğuna inanmak)

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12
Q

Brief historical and instituional context
of islam

A

570-632
- Quran
- Hadith (reports on his life) later collected and recorded
- Quran and Hadit = revelation —> Sharia (the divine law)
The law in practice= Sharia & Fiqh (Jurisprudence and analogical reasoning)
- consensus of 4 schools of jurisprudence (developed from middle 9th century)
Sunni involves in a more legal way compared to other parts

Mohammed=last prophet
- “seal of the prophets”
- At his death the Arabian peninsula was united

21th century they only consider the quran as a guide to sharia. there is a general confusion.

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13
Q

Rushidan caliphate (4 halife dönemi) 632-661

A

1- abu bakr (muhammeds father in law
2- umar (muhammeds father in law)
3-Uthman ibn Affan
- Compiled the quran
4- Ali (cousin of Muhammad and married to Fatimah)
(5. Hasan ben Ali)

Shias believe Ali should have been Muhammeds successor (based on muhammeds will)

Shura/Council elected these
- Mutual consultation
- Unanimous
Democratic/elective monarchy
- Dutch Stadhouder/Stadholder (17th-18th century)

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14
Q

Ummah=political community based on religious kinship

A
  • As distinct from tribe, clan, nation or imperial citizenship. based on religious commonality
  • a caliph combines religious and political authority, that is no division between church and state
  • State vs chruch division: should be kept seperate
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15
Q

Ummayad Caliphate 661-750 (emevi halifeliği)

A

Ummayad Caliphate 661-750 (emevi halifeliği)

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16
Q

Abbasid Caliphate (abbasiler)

A
  • heirs of muhammeds uncle
  • founders of baghdad
  • start of golden age
    • low taxes,trade
  • medicine,science,philosophy,economics
  • collection and translation of greek manuscripts
  • from 946 a caliphate name
    • north africa de facto indepdent
    • still very wealthy
  • ends when mongols destroys Baghdad in 1258
17
Q

Al farabi 870 (257) - 950

A

“Second Master”

From farab (türkmenistan)
- almost nothing known of his life (no sort of biography)
- baghdad, damascus and aleppo
- Systematic philosopher (logic, musicologist, medicine etc.)
- Introduces political philosophy into islam
- Sysnthesis of Plato and Aristotle
- A lot of Napoleonic influences
- Critic of Islamic theology

key text- al farabi Political regime
Al Farabi= using political doctrines —> religious pluralist
question is can religions co-exist in the same polity?
2- religion is exoteric doctrine for the masses
is 1-2 islamic? yes!

18
Q

Al farabi on religion

A
  • basically, anything that the legislator enforces on the polity for a specific reason is in fact religion. The community may be a tribe, city, empire….
  • if you legislate for policy with the aim that is condusive to collective flourishing and thats the case when legislation is virtious, than your legislation is vritous
  • anythign that wil make the political community work well, is part of religion
    First ruler= philosopher King or prophet muhammed
    pragmatic / political / functional interpretation of religion (opinions and actions)
    • anything that fits the purpose of the founder/ legislator
    • anything that fits the purpose of the founder / legislator
    • What we would call “religion” shades into “civic religion”
    • True religion aims at flourishing (happiness)
19
Q

Religion & Philosophy in Al Farabi

A

Philosopy= Intellectual cognition —> truth
Religion = imaginings / images of the truth
philosophy is concetually prior to religion

Relgion = all practices that present the truth indirectly
- mostly rituals, but also what we call civic religion
- For Al farabi any social practice can be a part of relgion
religion is exoteric, suitable for the masses

20
Q

Pluralism within Quran

A
  • Many true prophets
  • They all honor the same god in different ways
  • this pluralism tolerance for all religions/manners of living
    Al farabi asserts this kind of pluralism: diff ways to get to the truth
21
Q

Al farabi / best polity

A

Best /virtous state aimed at flourishing / happiness for all citizens
- the elites exist to make others happy

22
Q

Virtous polity / best polity

A
  • the virtous state mirors cosmological truths
    • the true leader (imam) posses theoretical and practical truth
  • Within the best/virtous state: religion brings ordinary people to florurishing and vritue
    • Everything that prevetns truth must be desroyed
  • Foundation for enlightenment ideas —> spinoza
23
Q

True leader & revelation

A
  • True leader (first leader) is independet and not led by others
    • combines theoretcical wisdom and practical insights
    • understand what others need and can lead them
  • Recieves revelation
    • intellectual transfer (emanation) of God to the leader
    • No miracles or choice from God
    • Contents of revelation —> means to be leader
      Democratic (or Popular state)
24
Q

In al farabi democracy?

A

democracy= elections of leader/king by demos
- Recall the first caliphate
- In plato self rule of the many / demos / people

Distinct from Plato: Al farabi sees great potential in democratic polity

Much pleasure/ flourising and liberty and trade

cosmopoltiona society where several religions can function side by side
including arts and philosphy

Not receptive for true leaders/ philosopher rulers
My guess : true religion may be developed there and so indirectly cause best state (second/thir caliphate)
(dk where this supposed to go btw)

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Main conclusion(s)
Building on Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi starts a rational reflection on leadership and political structure within Islamic culture shaped by Greek philosophy – His metaphysics & cosmology is rejected, but his political theory forms the basis of the Islamic ('Sunni') 'mainstream' as defined by Al-Ghazali. * Al-Farabi combines sociological & functional analysis of different types of societies, religions, and 'prophetic' leaders. – This is developed by last main falsafa , Ibn Rushd (1126 –1198) & Ibn Khaldun ((1332 – 1406), who officially rejects the philosophers) * Al-Farabi’s ideal state is religious and hierarchical, but (everything is) in the service of the happiness/flourishing of all citizens. * Through Dante, Maimonides, and Spinoza he is indirect source of the Enlightenment theories * But...most European thinkers were familiar with Islamic philosophy through Ibn Rushd... 22
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Ibn Rushd Platonic Feminism
(Remember platonic feminism first)
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Platonic feminism
Recall Platonic Feminism * Assumes there are innate differences * These are largely heritable (some chance) * These differences reflect natural hierarchy. * The hierarchy is present in both sexes, and symmetrical in them * Best women are as excellent as best men * Platonic feminism: (i) denies natural (and moral!) equality of human beings. But, claims that (ii) any privileges and obligations you give to leading men must also be offered to leading women. 24
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Ibn Rushd’s Analysis on feminsim
Women are domesticated & gendered incompetent due to infantilizing social causes – In Plato already, soul can have a different gender than body * Women with male souls, men with female souls (etc.) * The sex/gender distinction is maybe not so new * Suggests that societies deliberately prevent female political participation * Lack of education and opportunity for women --> huge economic opportunity costs for women and the state – Opportunity costs = the benefits one misses out on when choosing one alternative over another. * What’s notable about this argument is that Ibn Rushd (like Plato/Al- Farabi) is officially against wealth as main point of state. But... – Appeals to the self-interest properly understood of his compatriots in the service of an ameliorative program that itself is not taken to be best. 26
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