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Biology 5/6 > Homonal communication - 5.4 > Flashcards

Homonal communication - 5.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A communication system using hormones as signalling molecules.

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Molecules that are either proteins or steroids which are released by endocrine glands into the blood. They act as messengers, carrying a signal from the gland to the target organ/tissue.

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3
Q

What examples of non-steroid hormones (protein/peptide)

A

Adrenaline, insulin, glucagon, thyroxine, insulin

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4
Q

Name three examples of a steroid hormone

A

oestrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol

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5
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands which secrete hormones into the blood

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6
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands which secrete their products into a duct

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7
Q

Name three examples of endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, (thyroid, ovaries, testes)

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8
Q

Name 3 examples of exocrine glands.

A

Salivary, liver, pancreas, (stomach)

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9
Q

What is a target cell of a hormone?

A

A cell in which the hormone causes an effect.

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10
Q

What do target cells of non-steroid hormones need to accept the signal?

A

Complementary receptors on their cell surface membrane.

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11
Q

What is a first messenger?

A

A non-steroid hormone.

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12
Q

What is a second messenger?

A

A signalling molecule released by the first messenger that stimulates a change in a cell.

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13
Q

Name an example of a second messenger?

A

cAMP

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14
Q

What type of gland is the adrenal gland?

A

Endocrine

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15
Q

What are the two regions of the adrenal gland?

A

1) Adrenal Cortex

2) Adrenal Medulla

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16
Q

What are the three parts of the adrenal cortex?

A

1) Zona glomerulosa
2) Zona fasciculata
3) Zona Reticularis

17
Q

What type of hormones does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids

18
Q

Name an example of a mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

19
Q

What is the function of mineralocorticoids?

A

They help control concentrations of sodium and potassium.

As a result they maintain blood pressure.

Aldosterone acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidney to increase water retention.

20
Q

What type of hormones does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids

21
Q

Name an example of a glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

22
Q

What is the function of glucocorticoids?

A

Help control metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the liver.

Cortisol stimulates the production of glucose in the liver

23
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Sex hormone precursors

24
Q

What type of hormone is adrenaline?

A

Non-steroid

25
Q

Why cant adrenalin enter a cell like a steroid hormone?

A

It is polar

26
Q

What are the three target cells of adrenalin?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, hepatocyte

27
Q

Name 7 affects of adrenalin on the body

A

1) Increased tidal volume
2) increased stroke volume
3) increased heart rate
4) vasoconstriction
5) pupil dilation
6) piloerection
7) inhibition of digestion

28
Q

Why is the adrenal cortex well supplied with blood?

A

To enable hormones to be efficiently transported into the blood stream

29
Q

Where in the adrenal gland is adrenalin secreted from?

A

Adrenal medulla

30
Q

What are the two different functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine
-Secrete digestive juices

Endocrine
-Secrete hormones to control blood sugar levels

31
Q

What are acini? What is their function?

A

Cells in the pancreas which group together to secrete digestive juices.

The digestive juices

  • aid intake of nutrients from the small intestine into the blood via specific enzymes
  • neutralise the stomach acid that has entered the small intestine via sodium hydrogen carbonate
32
Q

What enzymes are contained within the digestive juices secreted by the acini?

A

1) Pancreatic amylase
- a carbohydrase which digests amylose (long polysaccharide) to maltose (disaccharide)

2) Trypsinogen
- an inactive protease (break down proteins) which will be converted to the active form trypsin when it enters the upper small intestine

3) Lipase
- digests lipid molecules

33
Q

Where does the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas occur?

A

Endocrine
-Acini

Exocrine
-Islet of Langerhans (beta/alpha)

34
Q

What is the function of the islet of Langerhans?

A

Alpha cells
- secrete glucagon

Beta cells
- Insulin

35
Q

What does glucagon and insulin do?

A

Glucagon
-causes the release of glycogen into blood glucose

Insulin
-causes blood glucose to be sored as glycogen in the liver

Biology 5/6 (7 decks)

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