homologous series

Question 1

carbon properties

Answer 1

• tetravalency: they have 4 valence electrons so they form 4 bonds
• **catenation **: form long chains through covalent bonds

Question 2

empirical formula

Answer 2

simplest ratio of atoms present in a molecule

Question 3

molecular formula

Answer 3

actual number of atoms present in the molecule

Question 4

def of functional group

Answer 4

atom or a group of atoms that give organic compounds their physical and chemical characteristics

Question 5

akkyl groups (2m)

Answer 5

alkane missing one hydrogen
no other functionalities

Question 6

Halogeno

FG
class

Answer 6

––X (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
Halogenoalkanes

Question 7

hydroxyl FG, suffix, class

Answer 7

OH, -ol, alcohols

Question 8

Adehyde (carbonyl)

FG, suffix, class

Answer 8

C=O
-al
aldehydes

Methanal (Formaldehyde) → HCHO

Question 9

ketones (carbonyl)

FG, suffix, class

Answer 9

C=O
-ones
ketones

CH₃COCH₃

Question 10

carboxyl

FG, suffix, class

Answer 10

COOH
-oic acid
Carboxylic Acids

Question 11

Alkoxy
FG, suffix, class

Answer 11

Functional Group (FG): –OR (R = alkyl group)
Suffix: -oxy (used as a prefix, e.g., methoxy)
Class: Ethers

Methoxyethane → CH₃OCH₂CH

Question 12

Amino
FG, suffix, class

Answer 12

Functional Group (FG): –NH₂
Suffix: -amine
Class: Amines

Example: Ethanamine → CH₃CH₂NH

Question 13

Amido
FG, suffix, class

Answer 13

Functional Group (FG): –CONH₂
Suffix: -amide
Class: Amides

Example: Ethanamide (Acetamide) → CH₃CONH₂

Question 14

Ester
FG, suffix, class

Answer 14

Functional Group (FG): –COOR (R = alkyl group)
Suffix: -oate
Class: Esters

Example: Methyl Ethanoate → CH₃COOCH₃

Question 15

Phenyl

FG, suffix, class

Answer 15

Functional Group (FG): –C₆H₅
Suffix: phenyl- (used as a prefix)
Class: Aromatic Compounds

Example: Phenylmethanol (Benzyl Alcohol) → C₆H₅CH₂OH

Question 16

unsatured / saturated hydrocarbons

Answer 16

unsaturated: one or more double or triple carbon bonds
saturated: single bonds

Question 17

aliphatic

Answer 17

no aromatic rings (like alkanes and alkenes)

Question 18

define homologous series (3)

Answer 18

• family of compounds that can be grouped together based on similarities in their structure and reactivity
• they have the same general formula and chemical properties
• they vary from one member to another by one CH2

Question 19

melting and boiling point for alkanes trend

how can it be measured

Answer 19

stronger LDF forces as the carbon chain increases in length as the molar mass and hence e;ectrons increase

through simple distillation