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ancient warfare and society > "Homeric Warfare to the Graeco-Persian Wars", “From the Graeco-Persian Wars to the Conquests of Alexander" > Flashcards

"Homeric Warfare to the Graeco-Persian Wars", “From the Graeco-Persian Wars to the Conquests of Alexander" Flashcards

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1
Q

Homer

A

Ancient Greek poet traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems “The Iliad” and “The Odyssey.

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2
Q

Linear A

A

A script used by the Minoans, not yet deciphered, primarily found on Crete.

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3
Q

Pentekonter

A

Pentekonter: An ancient Greek ship with 25 oars on each side, used for trade and military purposes.

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4
Q

Othismos

A

Othismos: A term used to describe the push of warriors against each other in a phalanx formation during battle.

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5
Q

Archons

A

Archons: High-ranking officials in ancient Athens, responsible for various aspects of government.

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6
Q

Trojan Cycle

A

Trojan Cycle: A collection of ancient Greek myths about the Trojan War, including various stories and characters.

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7
Q

Knossos

A

Knossos: An archaeological site on Crete, known for its palace complex associated with the Minoan civilization.

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8
Q

Bireme

A

Bireme: An ancient ship with two rows of oars, known for its speed and maneuverability.

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9
Q

Strategos

A

Strategos: A military general in ancient Greece, often responsible for leading armies and making strategic decisions.

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10
Q

Ecclesia

A

Ecclesia: The principal assembly of ancient Athens, where citizens gathered to discuss and vote on issues.

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11
Q

Odyssey

A

Odyssey: An epic poem attributed to Homer that narrates the adventures of Odysseus after the fall of Troy.

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12
Q

Linear B:

A

Linear B: A syllabic script used for writing Mycenaean Greek, deciphered in the 20th century.

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13
Q

Polis

A

Polis: A city-state in ancient Greece, characterized by its own government and cultural identity.

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14
Q

Helots

A

Helots: Enslaved people in ancient Sparta, primarily of Messenian origin, who worked the land for Spartan citizens.

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15
Q

Cleisthenes

A

Cleisthenes: An Athenian statesman known as the “Father of Athenian Democracy” for his reforms in the late 6th century BCE.

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16
Q

Hesiod

A

Hesiod: An ancient Greek poet, contemporary of Homer, known for works like “Theogony” and “Works and Days.”

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16
Q

Agoge

A

Agoge: The rigorous education and training program mandated for all male Spartans.

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17
Q

Mycenae

A

Mycenae: An archaeological site in Greece, significant for its role in the late Bronze Age and as a center of Mycenaean civilization.

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18
Q

Hoplite

A

Hoplite: A heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece, known for fighting in a phalanx formation.

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19
Q

Ostracism

A

Ostracism: A political practice in ancient Athens where citizens could vote to exile a person for ten years.

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20
Q

Theogony

A

Theogony: A poem by Hesiod describing the origins and genealogy of the Greek gods.

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21
Q

Wanax

A

Wanax: A term used in Mycenaean Greece referring to a king or lord.

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22
Q

Hoplon

A

Hoplon: A large round shield used by Greek hoplites in battle.

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23
Q

Apella

A

Apella: The assembly of Spartan citizens, where important decisions were made.

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24
Q

Cyrus the Great

A

Cyrus the Great: Founder of the Achaemenid Empire, known for his conquests and the establishment of a vast empire in the 6th century BCE.

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25
Q

Agon

A

Agon: A term referring to a contest or competition, often associated with athletic or artistic competitions in ancient Greece.

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26
Q

Arete

A

Arete: A Greek term meaning “excellence” or “virtue,” often associated with moral and physical superiority.

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26
Q

Darius I

A

Darius I: A ruler of the Persian Empire who reigned from 522 BCE to 486 BCE, known for his administrative reforms and expansion of the empire.

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27
Q

Megaron

A

Megaron: A large rectangular hall in Mycenaean palaces, often used for meetings and ceremonial activities.

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27
Q

Panoply

A

Panoply: A complete set of armor and weapons worn by a hoplite.

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28
Q

Gerousia

A

Gerousia: The council of elders in Sparta, consisting of men over the age of 60 who advised the kings.

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29
Q

Phalanx

A

Phalanx: A military formation of infantry soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder, usually armed with spears and shields.

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29
Q

Heinrich Schliemann

A

Heinrich Schliemann: A 19th-century archaeologist known for his excavations of ancient Troy and Mycenae.

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29
Q

Ephors

A

Ephors: A group of five officials in Sparta who were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of citizens.

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30
Q

Cuirass

A

Cuirass: A piece of armor that covers the torso, typically made of metal or leather.

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30
Q

Satrapies

A

Satrapies: Provinces of the Persian Empire, each governed by a satrap.

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31
Q

Kleos

A

Kleos: A Greek term meaning “glory” or “fame,” often associated with heroic deeds.

32
Q

Grieves

A

Grieves: Protective armor for the shins worn by ancient Greek warriors.

32
Q

Draco

A

Draco: An Athenian legislator known for his harsh laws, which were the first written legal code in Athens.

32
Q

Battle of Sphacteria

A

Battle of Sphacteria: A battle during the Peloponnesian War in 425 BCE, where Athenian forces captured Spartan hoplites.

33
Q

Immortals

A

Immortals: An elite group of soldiers in the Persian army, known for their discipline and effectiveness.

34
Q

Battle of Marathon

A

Battle of Marathon: A decisive battle in 490 BCE where the Athenians defeated the Persians.

35
Q

Kyklos

A

Kyklos: A Greek term meaning “cycle,” often used in discussions of political systems or government.

36
Q

Epaminondas

A

Epaminondas: A Theban general and statesman known for his innovative tactics, especially at the Battle of Leuctra.

36
Q

Sacred Band

A

Sacred Band: An elite military unit in ancient Thebes, composed of pairs of male lovers.

36
Q

Miltiades

A

Miltiades: An Athenian general who played a key role in the victory at the Battle of Marathon.

36
Q

Hetairoi

A

Hetairoi: Elite cavalry units in ancient Macedonia, often serving as personal guards to the king.

36
Q

Brasidas

A

Brasidas: A Spartan general known for his successful campaigns during the Peloponnesian War.

37
Q

Battle of Plataea

A

Battle of Plataea: The final land battle of the Greco-Persian Wars in 479 BCE, leading to the defeat of the Persian army.

37
Q

Ile

A

Ile: A term used in ancient Greek to refer to a troop or unit of soldiers.

37
Q

Xerxes I:

A

Xerxes I: A Persian king who led an invasion of Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars.

38
Q

Nicias

A

Nicias: An Athenian general known for his role in the Sicilian Expedition and the Peace of Nicias.

38
Q

Battle of Mycale

A

Battle of Mycale: A battle in 479 BCE where the Greek fleet defeated the Persian navy.

38
Q

Barbaroi

A

Barbaroi: A Greek term for non-Greek peoples, often used pejoratively.

38
Q

Iphicrates

A

Iphicrates: An Athenian general known for his military reforms and success against the Spartans.

39
Q

Battle of Leuctra

A

Battle of Leuctra: A battle in 371 BCE where Thebes defeated Sparta, changing the balance of power in Greece.

39
Q

Alcibiades

A

Alcibiades: A controversial Athenian leader and general during the Peloponnesian War known for his shifting allegiances.

40
Q

Hammer and Anvil

A

Hammer and Anvil: A military tactic involving encircling and trapping the enemy between two forces.

40
Q

Hellenic League

A

Hellenic League: An alliance of Greek city-states formed to oppose the Persian invasions.

41
Q

Lithobolos

A

Lithobolos: A stone-throwing siege weapon used in ancient warfare.

42
Q

Battle of Thermopylae

A

Battle of Thermopylae: A famous battle in 480 BCE where a small Greek force, including Spartans, held off the Persian army.

43
Q

Battle of Chaeronea

A

Battle of Chaeronea: A battle in 338 BCE where Philip II defeated the Greek city-states, establishing Macedonian dominance.

43
Q

Lysander

A

Lysander: A Spartan admiral who played a key role in the defeat of Athens during the Peloponnesian War.

43
Q

Pericles

A

Pericles: An influential Athenian statesman and general during the Golden Age of Athens.

44
Q

Trireme

A

Trireme: A type of ancient Greek warship with three rows of oars, known for its speed and agility.

44
Q

Battle of the Granicus River

A

Battle of the Granicus River: An early battle of Alexander the Great against the Persian satraps in 334 BCE.

45
Q

Battle of Arginusae

A

Battle of Arginusae: A naval battle during the Peloponnesian War in 406 BCE, resulting in a significant Athenian victory.

45
Q

Philip II

A

Philip II: King of Macedon who united the Greek city-states and father of Alexander the Great.

45
Q

Battle of Salamis

A

Battle of Salamis: A naval battle in 480 BCE where the Greek fleet defeated the Persian navy.

46
Q

Delian League

A

Delian League: An alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens formed to defend against Persian aggression.

46
Q

Phalangites

A

Phalangites: Soldiers who fought in a phalanx formation, typically equipped with a spear and shield.

47
Q

Thucydides

A

Thucydides: An ancient Greek historian known for his work “History of the Peloponnesian War.”

48
Q

Periplus

A

Periplus: An ancient navigational manual that detailed coastal navigation and the various ports and landmarks, often used by traders and sailors in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea.

48
Q

Battle of Aegospotami

A

Battle of Aegospotami: A decisive naval battle in 405 BCE where the Spartans defeated the Athenians, leading to the end of the Peloponnesian War.

48
Q

Sarissa

A

Sarissa: A long spear used by Macedonian phalanx soldiers, significantly longer than traditional hoplite spears.

48
Q

Darius III

A

Darius III: The last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, who reigned from 336 to 330 BCE. He faced the invasion of Alexander the Great and was defeated in several key battles.

49
Q

Syntagma

A

Syntagma: A term meaning “arrangement” or “order,” often used in the context of political or military organization, particularly referring to the assembly of citizens in ancient Greece.

49
Q

Piraeus

A

Piraeus: The main port of Athens, which was crucial for trade and naval power in ancient Greece, serving as the harbor for Athenian ships.

50
Q

Thirty Tyrants

A

Thirty Tyrants: A pro-Spartan oligarchy that ruled Athens after the Peloponnesian War, established in 404 BCE. They were known for their harsh rule and were eventually overthrown.

51
Q

Diekplus

A

Diekplus: A naval maneuver used in ancient warfare, typically referring to a sudden and rapid attack to break through enemy lines or formations.

51
Q

Battle of Issus

A

Battle of Issus: A significant battle fought in 333 BCE between Alexander the Great and Darius III, resulting in a decisive victory for Alexander and furthering his campaign against Persia.

51
Q

Cleon

A

Cleon: An Athenian statesman and general during the Peloponnesian War, known for his populist policies and his role in advocating for military action against Sparta.

51
Q

Arthur Evans

A

Arthur Evans: A British archaeologist known for his excavations of the Minoan palace at Knossos on Crete in the early 20th century, and for his contributions to understanding Minoan civilization and its influence.

51
Q

Hypaspists

A

Hypaspists: Elite infantry units in the Macedonian army, serving as a light infantry force that was highly mobile and often used to protect the flanks of the phalanx.

51
Q

Sea Peoples:

A

Sea Peoples: A confederation of naval raiders who attacked ancient Mediterranean civilizations during the late Bronze Age, particularly around the 12th century BCE, contributing to the collapse of several empires, including the Hittites and the Egyptian New Kingdom.

51
Q

Battle of Gaugamela

A

Battle of Gaugamela: A decisive battle fought in 331 BCE where Alexander the Great defeated Darius III, leading to the fall of the Achaemenid Empire and solidifying Alexander’s control over Persia.

51
Q

Corinthian War

A

Corinthian War: A conflict (395–387 BCE) involving a coalition of Greek city-states, including Athens, Thebes, and Corinth, against Sparta, resulting in Sparta’s temporary decline in power.

51
Q

Ionian Revolt

A

Ionian Revolt: A rebellion that took place from 499 to 493 BCE, where the Ionian city-states revolted against Persian rule, supported by Athens and other Greek city-states. This revolt marked the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars.

51
Q

Peltasts

A

Peltasts: Lightly armed infantry in ancient Greek warfare, known for their agility and use of javelins, typically equipped with a smaller shield called a “peltē.”

51
Q

Solon

A

Solon: An Athenian statesman and poet of the 6th century BCE, credited with important political and economic reforms that laid the groundwork for Athenian democracy and addressed social inequalities.

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