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Homeotatiss Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones(1)

A

Hormones are chemical messengers that sent in the blood

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2
Q

What do they control

A

Hormones control things in cells and organs that need constant readjustment

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3
Q

Hormones are produced (3)

A

Hormones are produced (secreted by various glands
Called the W doctrine gland
these glands make up the W doctrine system

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4
Q

Pituitary gland (5)

A

Produces hormones that regulates the body’s conditions
Seen as the master gland
As these hormones act on other glands
Driving them to release hormones that bring about change

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5
Q

Ovaries (2)

A

Produces oestrogen

Involved in menstural cycle

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6
Q

Testes(2)

A

Produces testosterone

Which controls puberty and sperm production

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7
Q

Thyroid (2)

A

Produces thyroixine

Involved in regulating rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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8
Q

Adrenal gland (2)

A

Produces adrenaline

Which is used for preparing the body for a fight or flight response

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9
Q

Pancreas (2)

A

Produces insulin

To regulate blood glucose levels

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10
Q

Nerves (3)

A

Fast action
Act in short time
Act in a precise area

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11
Q

Hormones(3)

A

Slower action
Acts in a longer time
And is more general area

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12
Q

Glucose (5)

A

Eating foods containing carbohydrates puts glucose back into the blood
Normal metabolism removes glucose
Vigorous metabolism removes a lot more glucose
Insulin and glucagon control blood glucose levels

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13
Q

Blood glucose level too high

A

Insulin secreted by pancreas

Drives glucose into the liver and causes the liver to turn glucose to glycogen

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14
Q

Blood level too low releases glycogen

A

Pancreas secreted glycogen
Go through bloodstream
Drives glucose into the blood through the pancreas and causes the liver to go from glycogen to glucose

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15
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Where pancreas produces little to no insulin, person could have very high blood glucose level which could kill them
Insulin therapy, insulin injections taken throughout the day so that when you eat glucose can be quickly removed. Effective
Limiting food intake of carbs
And exercise

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16
Q

Type 2

A

Being over weight is w risk factor

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17
Q

Kidneys filtration

A

Kidneys make urine by taking waste products from the blood
Substances are filtered out through the kidneys and useful substances like glucose water and ions are re absorbed back into the blood selective absorption
Rest is lost as urine

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18
Q

What is lost in urine

A

Urea
Proteins, ammonia
Ions
Sodium
Water
Constantly control when water is coming in and out
We loose water as sweat and lungs when we breathe in and out

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19
Q

Concentration of urine controlled byy

A

Anti diruetic hormone

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20
Q

Processes of anti directrix hormone pituitary gland

A

Receptors I’m brain detect that water content levels are high
Coordination centre recieves and processes the information and organises a response
then pituitary gland reduces amount of ADh reducing water content

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21
Q

Why kidneys are important

A

If your kidney isn’t working waste products build up in your body and your body can’t control the level of water and ions in theb body and you’ll die

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22
Q

Dialysis

A

Dialysis had to be done regularly to keep concentration of dissolved substances at a normal level and remove waste products

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23
Q

Dialysis part 2

A

A dialysis machine the persons blood flows between a partially permeable membrane and surrounded by dialysis fluid

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24
Q

Pros and cons of dialysis

A

Con 3 times a week
3-5 hours which is long
Expensive for NHS
Can cause blood clots and infections

25
Kidney transplants
Only cure but can be rejected | Cheaper than dialysis
26
4 stages in mensural cycle
``` Stage 1 lining break down Stage 2 (4-14) lining bbuild up Stage 3 ovulation Stage 4 lining maintained ```
27
Controlled by 4 hormones (oestrogen)
``` Oestrogen Produced by ovaries Builds uterus lining Stimulates release of LH Inhibits FSH ```
28
Progesterone
Produced by ovaries after by remains of follicle after ovulation Builds lining in second half Inhibits fsh and Lh
29
FSH
Produced in the pituitary gland Causes eggs to mature Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
30
LH
Produced in pituitary glands | Stimulates the release of egg
31
Hormones and reducing fertility
Oestrogen prevents release of eggs Progesterone stimulates the real sense of a thick mucus which prevents sperm from reaching the egg The pill contains both oestrogen and progesterone
32
Side effects of pill
Nausea and headache and don’t protect from STis
33
Progress tone only pill
Has fewer side effects
34
Other methods
Contraceptive patch contains both oestrogen and progesterone lasts a week Contraceptive implant under skin in the arm releasing progesterone, lasts 3 years Contraceptive injection progesterone last 2-3 months IUD kills sperms
35
Other methods
``` Condoms Diaphragm Spermicide Sterilisation Natural methods Abstinence’s ```
36
Increasing Fertlility
Someone women have low FSH Use fertlility drugs using hormones ``` Pros Pregnancy Cons Dosent always work expensive. Multiple pregnancies ```
37
IVF
Involves collect eggs from ovaries and then fertlisising them in the lab with the mans sperm Fertilised eggs grow into embryos in the lab incubator Once they are tiny cells one or two are returned back into the uterus FSH and lh are given to simulate egg growth
38
Pros and cons of iVf
``` Pro Pregnancy Cons Multiple births Didn’t work Expensive Time consuming Low successes rate Painful ```
39
Ethical issues
Unused embryos are one potential human life
40
thyroxine
Negative feedback system keeps thyroxine in blood at eight level
41
Plant hormones
Auxins is a plant hormone that grows on the tips of shoots and roots Controls growth of a plant in response to light and gravity (Gravitrophism) (phototropism)
42
Auxins produced in the tips
.... moved backwards to promote cell elongation
43
If the tip of the shoot is removed
... no auxins available and then no plant growth
44
Shoots grow towards the light
When a shoot tip is exposed to light auxins accumulateson the side that’s shaded Making the cells grow faster on shades side and causes a bend towards the light
45
Shoots grow away from gravity | Roots grow towards gravity
When shoots are growing sideways gravity produces an uneven distribution of auxins which has more on the lower side This causes the lower side to elongate faster and shoot upwards
46
Roots
Roots growing sideways means gravity produces an uneven distribution of auxins so therefore they’ll be more auxins is on the lower side But in a root an extra auxin Inhibits growth Therefore the cell elongates faster on the top and drops downwards
47
Synapes connect neurones
The connection between two neurones is called a synapse The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals that diffuse through the gap Setting off a new signal
48
Reflexes
Rapid automatic responses to certain stimuli that doesn’t involve consciousness Preventing injury Shine a bright light in face pupils get smaller
49
Reflex arc
Neurones in reflex arc go through spinal cord or unconscious part of the brain Receptor detects a stimuli impulses sent a long to sensory neurone, reaches relay neurone and reach a synapse and chemicals are transferred between neurones which sends impulses to relay, same happens with relay and motor Then motor travels along To Effector which is muscle gland
50
The eye
Sclera- tough outer layer supporting the wall of the eye Cornea- transparent layer found in the front of the eye which refacts light into the eye Iris- contains muscle which controls how much light enters the eye Lens-focuses light into the retina Cillary muscles and suspensory ligaments control shape of lens Optic nerve carries information from receptors to retina to Brain
51
Focusing on objects reflex
Looking near: Cillary muscles contact Suspensory relax Lens becomes fat Increase amount it refracts ``` Distant Cillary relax Suspensory contact Lens thin Less refraction ```
52
Long sightless
When lens is in the wrong shape and dosent refract Wear glasses w convex lenses Hyperopia
53
Shortsightedness
Lens is in the wrong shape and refracts too much light Concave lens Myopia
54
Treatments
Contact lenses Laser eye surgery Glasses
55
Controlling body temp
Temp receptors see temp as too high Then thermogulatory centre recienves and processes this and sends a response Effectors produce a response eg sweat glands To counteract the change and restore optimum then repeat
56
When you’re too hot
Sweat glands produce sweat Hair erector muscles relax Blood supply to surface of skin Vasodilation transfer energy from skin to environment
57
Too cold
``` Hairs erect insulation No sweat Blood supply cut off Vasoconstriction Shiver tooo muscle contraction ```
58
Brain parts
Cerebral cortex responsible for memory, intelligence consciousness and language Cerebellum- muscle coordination Spinal cord Medulla - controls unconscious activities

Bio Homeostasis (1 decks)

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