Homeostatis

Question 1

What does the endocrine system consist of?

Answer 1

Glands

Question 2

What do glands do?

Answer 2

They secrete hormones

Question 3

What are Hormones?

Answer 3

Chemical molecules from a gland that is passed into the blood which then spreads through the blood stream

Question 4

What happens when hormones come in contact with tissues?

Answer 4

• the tissues have specific receptors for specific hormones
• the hormones can act as signals to trigger changes in these cells

Question 5

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

Answer 5

• it tells the body what to do
• it tells other glands what to do(eg. release hormones)

Question 6

what is the function of the thyroid gland?
which hormone does the thyroid glands release?

Answer 6

• the thyroid gland controls the rate of metabolism for growth and development
  It RELEASES THYROXINE

Question 7

what happens when low levels of thyroxine are detected? (include TSH)

What is this process called?

Answer 7

• The pituitary gland releases more TSH
• This stimulates the thyroid gland to release more thyroxine

Negative feedback

Question 8

What does the adrenal gland produce?
When is this produced?
Give an example of identifying when you have an increase in adrenaline

Answer 8

• adrenaline
• during the flight/fight response
• increase in heart rate

Question 9

What does the pancreas produce?
What does this hormone control?

Answer 9

• insulin
• blood/glucose conc

Question 10

What do testes produce?
what do ovaries produce?

Answer 10

• testosterone
• oestrogen

Question 11

Name three differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

Answer 11

The endocrine system
- depends on hormones
- slower(but effects last longer)
- acts across the body
The nervous system
- depends on electrical impulses
- faster(effects last shorter)
- act in one specific area in the body

Question 12

What is the difference between glucagon and glycogen?

Answer 12

glucagon = hormone
glycogen = large molecules of glucose

Question 13

which hormones control blood-glucose conc ?

Answer 13

insulin and glucagon

Question 14

what is the response given for a rise in blood glucose levels?

Answer 14

• detected by the pancreas
• insulin is released into the bloodstream
• insulin binds with certain receptors (these cells take in glucose to make glycogen)
• The making of glycogen happens in muscle or liver cells

Question 15

what is the response given for a decrease in blood glucose levels?

Answer 15

• glucagon is released by the pancreas
• glucagon binds with the receptors in certain cells
• liver cells break down glycogen into glucose
• glucose is transferred to the blood stream

Question 16

What does it mean if you have diabetes?

Answer 16

• blood-glucose levels can’t be controlled

Question 17

what happens to the insulin in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 17

insulin is not produced

Question 18

what is the most common treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 18

• injecting insulin into the abdomen/thigh

Question 19

What does the size of insulin injected depend on?

Answer 19

• How much the person has eaten
• How much exercise they do

Question 20

What happens to the insulin in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

• insulin is produced but the cells become resistant to it (cells don’t take in glucose in order to decrease blood glucose conc.)

Question 21

What are the three main functions of the kidneys?

Answer 21

• to remove waste from the body
• to filter the blood
• regulate the level of useful things

Question 22

what is deamination? Where does it take place?

Answer 22

• when excess amino acids are converted into fats and carbs for storage
• liver

Question 23

How is water lost and gained?

What can happen if there is too much/little water

Answer 23

• water is lost through the kidneys, breathing and sweating
• water is gained/lost by osmosis
• too much water = swelling/bursting of cells
• too little water = shrinking of cells

Question 24

What happens when water levels are too low?

Answer 24

• signals to the pituitary gland
• release of ADU(Anti-diuretic hormone)
• this reaches the kidneys
• the tubules reabsorb more water
• less urine is produced

Question 25

How can ions be removed from the body?

Answer 25

• kidneys and sweating

Question 26

Where are the nephrons found?
what else is part of the kidneys?
what does the tubule do when blood passes through it?

Answer 26

• Kidneys
• Tubules and Capillaries
• it absorbs anything small(water, urea, glucose, amino acids)

Question 27

What is selective reabsorption?

Answer 27

• when useful things are reabsorbed in the kidney towards the end

Question 28

Which conditions determine kidney failure?

Answer 28

• waste substances building up in the bloodstream
• unable to regulate water/ion levels

Question 29

What are the two treatments for kidney failure?

Answer 29

Dialysis
Kidney transplant

Question 30

What does the dialysis machine do?

Does the dialysis fluid contain the same conc of water and molecules as a healthy blood?

Answer 30

• filters a person’s blood
• yes

Question 31

What happens to the blood of the person as it enters the machine?

What is done to avoid equilibrium ?

Answer 31

The molecules are drained by the dialysis fluid

the dialysis fluid is constantly replaced

Question 32

What are some disadvantages of dialysis?

Answer 32

• time consuming, expensive to run, unpleasant experience + bad effect on mental health

Question 33

What are some disadvantages of kidney transplant?

Answer 33

• chance of rejection(medication can be taken to prevent this)
  -not enough organs available
• immunosuppressants should be taken for the rest of their lives