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Year 10 Biology > Homeostasis Topic 1 > Flashcards

Homeostasis Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the Thyroid located/function/hormone name released

A

neckish part - thyroxine - regulates growth and metabolism

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2
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located and what is it’s main function

A

It controls many parts of the body and helps in keeping the body in a stable state called homeostasis

Controls the pituitary gland and links nervous with endocrine system

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3
Q

Where is the Pituitary Gland and what does it do

A

Major endorcrine gland
Pea sized attached to the base of the brain
Important in controlling growth and development and functioning other endocrine glands.

Releases ADH hormone which regulates water balance

Releases FSH and LH which help with sperm production or menstrual cycle in females

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4
Q

Where is Adrenal Glands and function? (hormone released)

A

On top of both kidneys

Create adrenaline hormone - which increases levels of activity

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5
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Ability to maintain a constant internal enviroment through a mechanism called the ‘negative feedback loop’

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6
Q

Define the negative feedack loop

A

A type of self regulating system that uses counter responces to correct deviations from a set condition in the internal body enviroment, ultimately to achive homeostasis.

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7
Q

What are the three examples of homeostasis

A

Temperature regulation
Blood glucose regulation
Water balance

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8
Q

What is the average/normal body temp

A

37 C

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9
Q

What is a deviation in temperature regulation

A

When there is excess heat or not enough

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10
Q

What is a correction in temp regulation

A

Heating up the body if cold and cooling if hot

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11
Q

What is the nergative feedback loop if body temp is too high (Cause - temp - effect)

A

Exposure to a hot enviroment/exersice - above 37 C - sweating, vasodilation, lowering BMR

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12
Q

What is the nergative feedback loop if body temp is too low (Cause - temp - effect)

A

Exposure to a cold enviroment - below 37 degree C - Shivering, vasocontriction, increase in BMR

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13
Q

What is the hypothalamus refering to temperature

A

Temperature sensor and monitors blood as flows through

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14
Q

What is BMR

A

Basic Metabolic Rate; general metabolism (eating light food vs hard)

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15
Q

What is sweating and what is its purpose

A

The release of moisture from the sweat glands which evaporate on the skin and cool the skin to reach a lower temperature

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16
Q

What is vasodilation and its purpose

A

It is the widening of blood vesells close to the skin to release more heat from the blood and lower body temp down to 37 C

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17
Q

What is the effect of decreasing BMR

A

Less heat is produced

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18
Q

What is shivering and what is its effect

A

Causes rapid involuntary muscle contraction (shivering) to generate heat to increases body temp

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19
Q

What is vasoconstriction and its effect

A

The narrowing of blood vessels near the skin in order to conserve heat and keep more closer to the core region like organs in order to increase temp

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20
Q

What is effect of increasing BMR

A

Increase temp

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21
Q

When does hypothermia occur

A

When body temp falls below 35C

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22
Q

What are effects of hypothermia

A

sleepy since brain temp decreases, argumentive, confused, blue tint

Later - dont feel the cold, violent shivering

30C causes death since heart stops

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23
Q

When does hyperthermia occur

A

When body temp rises above 38C - also refered to heat exhaustion

Heat stroke is when body temp rises above 40C

high temp exposure, high humidity with temp, sweating stops working

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24
Q

What are the effects of hyperthermia/heat stroke

A

Headaches, dizziness, dry red skin, nausea, profusely sweating

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25
Q

Define glucose

A

The main energry source (sugar) for cells to function

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26
Q

What is the normal blood glucose level per 100ml

A

90mg per 100ml

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27
Q

Blood glucose level negative feedback loop (cause - level for cause - effect by loop)

high blood glucose

A

If you eat and gain lots of sugar - rises above 90mg per 100ml - Insulin is released

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28
Q

Blood glucose level negative feedback loop (cause - level for cause - effect by loop)

low blood glucose

A

If you exersice or fast etc - less than 90mng per 100ml - Glycagon is stimulated by glucagon and released (stored glucose that insulin forms)

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29
Q

How is glucose level monitored

A

Hypothalamus detectes and sensores changes which then can be controlled and chnaged by the pancreas

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30
Q

What occurs when blood glucose levels reach over 90mg per 100ml

A

Insulin released into blood stream from pancreas

Insulin has 2 effects

  • increases uptake of glucose from blood
  • stimulates conversion of glucose in liver into glycagon
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31
Q

What effects does insulin have

A

Insulin has 2 effects

  • increases uptake of glucose from blood
  • stimulates conversion of glucose in liver into gltcagon
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32
Q

What is glycogen

A

stored glucose

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33
Q

What occurs when blood glucose levels go under 90mg per 100ml

A
  • Stimulates conversion of glycagon into glucose through glucagon
  • Releases glucose into blood stream
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34
Q

When do things go wrong (blood glucose level) when below 90mg per 100ml – if negative feedback loop fails - name the thing

A

HYPOGLYCEMIA
If they fall below 70mg - become fainting, dizzy, nausea, light headed
- easily corrected by small and frequent snacks containing carbohydrates

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35
Q

When do things go wrong (blood glucose level) when above 90mg per 100ml – if negative feedback loop fails - name the thing

A

HYPERGLYCAEMIA

  • high blood sugar level (126mg or above)
  • is Type 1 and 2 diabetes (further discussed)
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36
Q

What is TYPE 1 diabetes/hyperglycaemia

A

Results from inability to produce insulion - have to inject it daily

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37
Q

What is TYPE 2 diabetes/HYPOGLYCEMIA

A

Body can produce insulin but it has a weakened affect on cells - which is a result of prolonged intake of sugar

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38
Q

Diabetes and lifestyle relationship

A

80-90% diabetes linked to lifestyle (lack exersice/lots of mass in body)
Exersice can assist bringing levels down

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39
Q

What are they key-functions of a kidney

A
  • Maintain water/salt balance

- Excrete urea (waste product from breaking down excess amino acids)

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40
Q

Where is the nephron located

A

Medulla (loop of henle) and outer part (cortex for the top parts) - in kidney

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41
Q

Where is the cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, renal artery and vein and ureter located

A

cortex - outer kidney ish
medulla - triangles in kdiney
renal pelvis -kidney connecting to medullas
ureter - passage to exretory system
renal vien - bottom of renal artery (left of kidney)
renal artery - above renal vein

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42
Q

All steps in a nephron

A

Blood vessel - bowmans capsule/glomerulus - proximal tubule - loop of henle - distal tubule - collecting duct

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43
Q

Where does ultrafiltration and reabsorption occur

A

Ultrafiltration - bowman’s capsule

Reabsorption - proximal tubule

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44
Q

Approximately how many nephrons in the kidney

A

1 million

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45
Q

What occurs in Bowman’s capsule

A

The glomerulus filters out all substances (except red blood cells)

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46
Q

What happans at proximal tubule

A

100% glucose/amino acids reasbsorbed back into artery

80% water/ 70% salts (depednign on how much is in body) reabsorbed too

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47
Q

What is ultrafiltration

A

The removal and filtering of substances from blood (since it isnt very selective) - filters glucose, amino acids, lots of water and salt

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48
Q

What is reabsorption

A

Replacement of substances back into blood that shouldnt be filtered out of body - occurs along enitire nephron gradually (not just proximal tubule)

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49
Q

How much water in urine after nephron

A

approx 1-2L of H2O in urine

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50
Q

How many L pass through nephron

A

Avg person filters 180L/24h yet only produces 1-2L of urine

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51
Q

How does homeostasis work in the kindey when water balance goes above

A

High intake of water - excess water level - less ADH produced (less ADH means more water away and more urine) - more urine produced

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52
Q

How does homeostasis work in the kindey when water balance goes below

A

Low intake of twater (from sweating/moisture loss through exhalation) - depleted water levels - more ADH produced - less urine produced/less water in urine

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53
Q

What does ADH do

A

Chemical produced in brain that causes kidneys to release less water thus less urine produced (more/high ADH = less urine produced

54
Q

What happans if the kidney failes

A

Patient must go on dialysis
2 types - Peritoneal/Haemodialysis –> both remove toxins/excess salts & water from blood

in hospital 3/4 times wk for 4h
or
home every night to sleep

Long term goal for patients is to get a kidney transplant and thus live longer but the operation has risks
`

55
Q

Flow chart for nervous system

A

Stimulus (heat/cold/sound/pressure) –>
Receptor (tastebud/retina/skin/temp receptors) –>
Control (brain or spinal cord) –>
Effectors (Muscles or Glands) –>
Responce (Muscls contract or glands secrete)

56
Q

What does the CNS (Central nervous system) consist of

A

Brain and spinal cord

57
Q

What does PNS (Peripheral nervous system) consist of

A

Nerves: motor and sensory
Sesory receptors
Effectors: muscles and glands

58
Q

Sensory neuron simplified diagram

A 
up arrow      
line-----       
nucleus (circle above line with a line connecting)
line ----
a less than symbol (<)

^—–O—–<

59
Q

Motor neuron simplified diagram

A

O————–< (longer than a connector)

nucleus with axon and terminals

60
Q

Connector neuron simplified diagram

A

O—–< (shorter than a motor)

nucleus with axon and terminals

61
Q

What components (labeled names) can you put on sensory neuron

A 
Schwann cell/nucleus (dot in myelin sheath - nucleus )
Myelin sheath (the square things around axon)
Axon (the line in the middle)
Axon terminals (terminals at the end of the neuron that branch out)
Neuron nucleus (nucleus outer circle sprouting out of axon)
Cell Body (neuron nucleus cell body that is spruting from axon)
62
Q

What components (labeled names) can you put on motor neuron

A 
Schwann cell/nucleus (dot in myelin sheath - nucleus )
Myelin sheath (the square things around axon)
Axon (the line in the middle)
Axon terminals (terminals at the end of the neuron that branch out)
Cell Body (neuron nucleus cell body that is AT THE START IF THE NEURON)
Neuron nucleus (nucleus inside cell body at start of motor neuuron)
Cell body dandrites (dandrites sprouting form cell body at start of neuron)
63
Q

What is the function of the MYELIN SHEATH

A
  • Allows electircal impulses to transmit quickly/efficiently

- insulates neuron against other neuron impulses (prevents ‘cross circuits’)

64
Q

Simplified neural pathway steps

A

Receptor/stimilus (like skin/pressure) - nerve impulse sent through sensory neuron - terminal + synapse to connector neuron/motor neuron - synapse connecting to effector like muscle or gland

65
Q

What does sensory/motor link to

A

Sensory neurons link receptors to CNS

Motor neurons link CNS to effectors

66
Q

Steps of the synapse

A

Nerve impulse arrives at end of neuron

Arrial of impulse results in release of chemical transmitter substance from the end of the neuron (neurotransmitters)

When sufficient number of neurotransimtters accumulae on motor neuron (or receptors) a new nevre impulse is generated (or if effector - secretse hormone or contracts muscle)

67
Q

3 Roles of a synapse

A
  1. To allow for only a one way direction
  2. For forming/maintaining memory/memory loss –> new or different neural pathways can form in brain (which are considered memories)
  3. Act as a filter which determines if a message should be passed on or not
68
Q

All labaled things on a synapse

A

axon terminals (start of synapse)

Synaptic vesicles (besicles that hold neurotransmitters ready to be released)

Synaptic space (space between in the synapse) - 40 nanometers wide

Postsynaptic neuron (neuron after synapse)

Chemical transmitter substance/neurotransmitter (stuff that is realesed to postsynaptic neuron to pass on neural impulse

Receptor site (Locationw eher the neurotransmitters go to)

69
Q

What is a REFLEX RESPONCE

A

Automatic involuntary/rapid responce to stimilus (spinal cord is used instead of brain since without thinking - reaction is quicker)

70
Q

Roles of the reflex responce

A
  1. Prevent harm to body like hot objects
  2. To create rapid adjustments to stimuli (like if tongue touches food, more saliva is produced)
  3. Allow continues functions like heart beat/breathing/digestion
71
Q

Examples of reflex responce are

A 
breathing
blinking
coughing
constriction/dilation of pupils according to light
yawning
sneezing
kneww jerk
jerking hand from hot substance
72
Q

What is the reflex arc pathway

A

Hand/stimili/responce (pain receptors) - send nerve impulse to sensory neuron - spinal cord (connector neuron) - motor neuron - muscle/gland to contract/secrete

73
Q

What are the 2 systems that can respond to stimili

A

Endocrine system

Nervous system

74
Q

Steps in endocrine system general

A
  1. Gland stimulated by motor neuron
  2. Gland released into bloodstream
  3. Hormone is circulated through bloodstream
  4. Hormone reaches target organ through bloodstream and produces the viable responce
75
Q

Where is pancreas located and role/hormone

A

Releases insulin which reduces blood glucose levels

76
Q

What do testes do and release

A

Testosterone - sperm production

77
Q

Ovaries do/realese?

A

Oestrogen & Progesterone hormones which effect and cause mestrual cycle in females

78
Q

What hormones are called steroids

A

Testosterone, Oestrogen, Progesterone

79
Q

Compare the nervous and hormonal systems in their responding to stimuli

A

Nervous –> fast transmission, electrical & chemical type, pathways are neurons, short lived duration

Hormonal –> slower transmission, chemical type, travels through the pathway ‘bloodstream’, long lived affect (prolonged)

80
Q

What are base pairs

A

Things in between DNA sugar-phosphate backbone

81
Q

What are the sides of dna called

A

Sugar-Phosphate backbone (one side starts with a extra phosphate and other ends in an extra)

82
Q

What is nucleotide

A

Sugar, phosphate and nucleic acid together (1 of each)

83
Q

How are sugar and phosphate bonded

A

covalent

84
Q

How are the nuclei acids (base pairs) bonded

A

Hydrogen bonds since made of hydrogen

85
Q

What is opposite to A in DNA

A

T

86
Q

Opposite to G in DNA

A

C

87
Q

Opposite to T in DNA

A

A

88
Q

Opposite to C in DNA

A

G

89
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

Dna is blueprint/code for making proteins –> proteins determine inheritable traits and characteristics

DNA –> protien syntheis to create PROTEIN –> TRAITS AND CHARCATERSITICS

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS is the name of the process

90
Q

What is the name of A nucleic acid

A

Adenine

91
Q

What is the name of T nucleic acid

A

Thymine

92
Q

What is the name of G nucleic acid

A

Guanine

93
Q

What is the name of C nucleic acid

A

Cystine

94
Q

name of U nucleic acid

A

Uracel

95
Q

What does T turn into when into RNA

A

A

96
Q

What does A turn into when into RNA

A

U

97
Q

How does transcription occur

A
  • DNA unzips hydrogen bonds (which are weak)
  • mRNA nucleic acids (A, U, G, C) pair with DNA code to the gene needed
  • mRNA moves out of nucleus through a pore - to the ribosome located in cytoplasm in cell
98
Q

How does translation occur

A
  • Ribosome binds to the start of code on mRNA (AUG)
  • Ribosome reads code in mRNA by pairing mRNA triplet codon with complementary tRNA codon - bringing amino acid to polypeptide
  • Polypeptide chain is folded into a protein
99
Q

How is down syndrome occur

A

Result of additional chromosone 21

100
Q

What is a ‘A’ point mutation/ (gene mutations) and 2 examples of point mutation

A

Is a result of a change in the base sequence (e.g. ATGC), within the gene region of DNA
Typically occurs when DNA is copied prior cell division or during transcription

Substitution, Addition and Deletion mutation

101
Q

What is substitution mutation

A

Mutation which results when one/more bases is replaced by a different base (T –> G) –> forming a different amino acid

102
Q

What is deletion mutation

A

When 1/more bases is removed from DNA sequence - resulting in ‘frame shift’ mutation

Often results in an unuseful protein being formed

103
Q

B Mutations - Chromosonne mutations explain

A

Occur when ‘cell division’ (meiosis) results in

  1. Alteration to chromosome structure
  2. Unequal separation of chromosomes during cell division

Example: Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) since an extra copy of 12’st chromosome

ALTERATION IN THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES 45 or 47 instead of normal 46

104
Q

What is the name of a square for allele stuff

A

Punnett square

105
Q

Define GENE

A

A sequence that determines an inheritable trait (typically by coding for protein)

106
Q

Define Allele

A

Particular variation of a gene (gene for coat colour in guinea pigs)

107
Q

Define a DOMINANT ALLELE/TRAIT

A

An ALLELE/TRAIT expressed over it’s recessive form (B)

108
Q

Define a RECESSIVE ALLELE/TRAIT

A

An ALLELE/TRAIT that is only expressed in an absence of dominant allele (b)

109
Q

Define a PHENOTYPE

A

The trait/characteristic that is expressed (often visible) e.g. a black coat, white coat colours

110
Q

Define a GENOTYPE

A

Combination of alleles (BB, bb, Bb)

111
Q

Define a HOMOZYGOUS

A

having the same alleles (BB/bb)

112
Q

Define a HETEROZYGOUS

A

having differenet alleles (Bb)

113
Q

Describe a Bb

A

Heterozygous

114
Q

Describe a BB

A

Dominant Homozygous

115
Q

Describe a bb

A

Recessive Homozygous

116
Q

What is a Addition mutation

A

Point mutation - adds a base to DNA resulting in ‘frame shift’

117
Q

What is a frame shift

A

Addition or Deletion causes a shift in amino acids result

118
Q

What is AUTOSOMAL DOMINANCE

A

Dominance occurs when an ALLELE is completely masks the presence of the other

Human Autosomal Chromosomes are the first 22 pairs

119
Q

Define carrier

A

Term used for heterozygous individuals who has a recessive allele that results in a disease/disorder carrier

Carries have normal health

120
Q

What is Haeomophilia

A

Condition where blood doesn’t clot normally

121
Q

What is CODOMINANCE

A

Both parental phenotypes are individually expressed in a phenotype of heterozygous individual (some white and some pink petals)

122
Q

What is INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

A

When a phenotype of heterozygous individual is intermediate (has a blending effect) between the phenotypes of homozygous parents (Red petals and white causes a PINK petals)

123
Q

Define evolution

A

Change in genetic composition (different alleles) of a population over time (which may lead to a new or different species being formed)

Change in genetic composition

124
Q

What is natural selection

A
  • Major dividing force of evolution
  • The concept that nature ‘selects’ those organisms best adapted to survive in a particular environment (or AGAINST those that are not)

Adaptations result genetic variation

If a organism has a genetic variation that leads to a useful adaptation (in a particular environment) - then the organism is more likely to survive/reproduce and pass on an adaptation to some of its offspring (survival of the fittest)

125
Q

What evidence is there of evolution

A

Fossil evidence - mold fossil, true form fossil, cast fossil, trace fossil, unaltered/preserved fossil
DNA evidence - human/chimp DNA is 98% identical to humans

126
Q

Define a fossil

A

Remains/traces of any organism that lived in geological past

127
Q

What is DNA

A

Dna is blueprint/code for making proteins –> proteins determine inheritable traits and characteristics

DNA –> protien syntheis to create PROTEIN –> TRAITS AND CHARCATERSITICS

128
Q

Differnece between chromosone and gene

A

Chromosone is a part of DNA and Gene part of chromosone

129
Q

How many chromosomes in a cell

A

46 Chromosones

130
Q

Difference between translation and transcription

A

Translation - converting mRNA to proteins at ribosome

Transcirption - copying genes in nucleas

131
Q

How does translation/transcriptiion happen

A

DNA cannot leave nucleas
Protein is made outside nucleas on Ribosome
Code is transferred by mRNA (messenger)

  1. A copy of DNA is made into the form of mRNA
  2. mRNA exits nucleas and entters cytoplasm (where proteins are produced)
  3. Ribosome attaches to mRNA which creates amino acids linked together to form a particular protein

Year 10 Biology (1 decks)

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