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ICPP > Homeostasis/Signalling Molecules > Flashcards

Homeostasis/Signalling Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What single does of paracetamol can kill someone? Chronic dosing can affect the function of which organ?

A

10g

Liver function

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2
Q

What are endogenous signalling molecules?

A

Signalling molecules within the body

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3
Q

What are the two classes of exogenous signalling molecules?

A

Exogenous I = natural (e.g. Plant based)

Exogenous II = synthetic

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4
Q

Give two examples of endogenous I drugs

A

Morphine

Aspirin

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5
Q

What is the normal core body temperature?

A

37 degrees Celsius

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6
Q

What acts as the ‘controller’ in body temperature regulation?

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Which responses would be seen after an increase in core body temperature? (2)

A

Sweat glands activated

Peripheral vessels dilate (vasodilation)

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8
Q

Which responses would be seen after a decrease in core body temperature?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction (shivering)

Peripheral vessels constrict (vasoconstriction)

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9
Q

Below which temperature is considered hypothermia?

A

35 degrees Celsius

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10
Q

Above which temperature is considered hyperthermia?

A

38 degrees Celsius

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11
Q

Endocrine signalling molecules (hormones) can be categorised into which 3 categories?

A

Hydrophilic 1 - CATECHOLAMINES
Hydrophilic 2 - PEPTIDES & PROTEINS
Lipophilic - STEROIDS

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12
Q

Give an example of a catecholamine signalling molecule

A

Noradrenaline

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13
Q

Give an example of a peptide and a protein signalling molecule

A

Oxytocin

Insulin

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14
Q

Give an example of a steroid signalling molecule

A

Testosterone

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15
Q

Where are the receptors for catecholamines?

A

In the plasma membrane

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16
Q

Where are the receptors for peptide/protein signalling molecules?

A

In the plasma membrane

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17
Q

Where are the receptors for steroid hormones?

A

Intracellular (cytosolic or nuclear)

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18
Q

What is the plasma half-life of catecholamines, peptides/proteins and steroids respectively?

A 
Catecholamines = seconds 
Peptides/proteins = minutes 
Steroids = hours
19
Q

What response do catecholamines result in after binding to its receptor?

A

Causes a change in membrane potential

Triggers synthesis of cytosolic second messengers

20
Q

What response do peptide/protein hormones cause after binding to its receptor?

A

Triggers synthesis of cytosolic second messengers

Triggers protein kinase activity

21
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

Signalling molecules released, act on receptors on the same cell causing Intracellular changes

22
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

Signalling molecules released into nearby extracellular environment and bind to receptors on nearby cells, causing their effects

23
Q

What is an example of a paracrine signalling molecule?

A

A neurotransmitter

24
Q

What distance and timeframe do neurotransmitters typically work over?

A

~20nm

Milliseconds

25
Q

What does an excitatory neurotransmitter do?

A

Increases firing rate post synaptically

26
Q

What does an inhibitory neurotransmitter do?

A

Decreases firing rate post synaptically

27
Q

Neurotransmitters can be grouped into which 3 categories with which exception?

A

Amino acids
Monoamines
Peptides

Exception = ACh

28
Q

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

29
Q

Name 4 monoamine neurotransmitters.

State whether they are excitatory, inhibitory or both.

A

Adrenaline (excitatory)
Noradrenaline (excitatory)
Dopamine (both)
Serotonin (excitatory)

30
Q

Name 3 amino acid neurotransmitters.

State whether they are excitatory, inhibitory or both.

A

Glutamate (excitatory)
Glycine (largely inhibitory)
GABA (inhibitory)

31
Q

Apart from neurotransmitters, which are the other local chemical mediators used in paracrine signalling?

A

Cytokines - e.g. Interleukins, histamine
Nitric Oxide
Eicosanoids - e.g. Prostaglandins

32
Q

Which signalling molecules does autocrine signalling use?

A

Shares many paracrine signalling molecules - e.g. Cytokines and growth factors

33
Q

What distance do autocrine signalling molecules typically work over once released from the cell?

A

Microns

34
Q

What is RITE a mnemonic for? What does each letter stand for? What is an exception to this mnemonic?

A

Describing DRUG TARGETS

Receptors
Ion channels
Transporters
Enzymes

Chemotherapy drugs are an exception - work on structural proteins/dna

35
Q

What is KING a mnemonic for? What does each letter stand for?

A

Describing different drug target RECEPTORS

Kinase-linked receptors
Ion channels (ligand-gated)
Nuclear/intracellular receptors
G protein coupled receptors

36
Q

What is an example of a kinase linked receptor? How do they cause an effect?

A

Cytokine receptor

Binding results in phosphorylation of proteins —> signalling cascade —> gene transcription

37
Q

What is an example of a nuclear receptor? How does it cause an effect?

A

Oestrogen receptor (lipid soluble molecule e.g. Steroids)

Binds to gene transcription factors —> activates/inactivates a gene

38
Q

What sorts of molecules bind to ligand gated ion channels?

A

‘Fast’ neurotransmitters e.g. ACh, GABA, NMDA

39
Q

What sorts of molecules bind to GPCRs?

A

Hormones
Opiates
Slow neurotransmitters e.g. Muscarinic ach, serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline

40
Q

What are the three types of GPCR? What is the difference between them?

A

Gs, Gi and Gq

They activate different intracellular signalling pathways

41
Q

What are the 4 major ion currents in cells?

A

Na+
K+
Cl-
Ca2+

42
Q

How can phosphorylation help to facilitate/inhibit the activity of ion channels?

A

Phosphorylation of intracellular sites on the channels by PKA/PKC

PKA/PKC can be activated by GPCR pathways

43
Q

Transporters are important in the re-uptake of neurotransmitters such as…

How is this done?

A

Noradrenaline
Serotonin
Glutamate

Co-transported with Na+ (symported)

ICPP (8 decks)

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