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Nephrology > Homeostasis - Rao > Flashcards

Homeostasis - Rao Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between %TBW and fat content?

A

The % body weight of TBW decreases as fat content increases.

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2
Q

What are the mechanisms of water intake and their respective amounts?

A

Oxidation of carbohydrates (300 ml/day)

Drink/Food (2200 ml/day)

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3
Q

What are the mechanisms of water output and their respective amounts?

A

Urine (500-20,000 ml/day)
Perspiration of skin and lung (700 ml/day up to 5 L/day in burn victims)
Sweat (100 ml/day up to 1-2 L/day w/ exercise)
Feces (100 ml/day or more with diarrhea)

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4
Q

What is total body water?

A

40-42 L

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5
Q

What is the volume ICF? ECF?

A

ICF - 25 L

ECF - 15 L

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6
Q

What are the subsets of ECF and their respective volumes?

A

Plasma - 3 L (high protein content)

Interstitial Fluid - 12 L (low protein content)

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7
Q

What is total blood volume?

A

5 L

60% plasma - 40% hematocrit

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8
Q

What two compartments have similar ionic composition?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF)

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9
Q

What are the major cations and anions of ECF (plasma/ISF)?

A

Cation - Na
Anion - Cl, bicarbonate
Na > Cl in plasma due to Gibbs Donnan effect

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10
Q

What are the major cations and anions in ICF?

A

Cation - K

Anion - Protein, bicarbonate, phosphate

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11
Q

Mg and PO4 are higher in which compartment?

A

ICF

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12
Q

Calcium is present in which compartment?

A

ECF

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13
Q

How do you calculate the volume of body fluid compartments?

A

Dilution principle

Volume = Quantity Injected / (Measured Concentration) = Q / (Q/V)

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14
Q

What substances do you use to measure plasma volume?

A

131I-albumin

Evans blue dye

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15
Q

What is an equation relating blood volume to plasma volume?

A

BV = PV / (1 - hematocrit)

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16
Q

What substances do you use to measure extracellular fluid volume?

A

Inulin
Thiosulfate
Na

17
Q

What is an equation that relates interstitial fluid volume and extracellular fluid volume?

A

ICF = ECF - PV

18
Q

How do you correct for loss of probe in urine?

A

Subtract urine output from initial quantity administered

19
Q

What substance do you use to measure total body water?

A

Deuterated water
Tritiated water
Antipyrene (lipid soluble)

20
Q

What is the driving force of fluid movement between plasma and ISF?

A

Filtration - Starling forces (hydrostatic / oncotic pressure)

21
Q

What is the driving force of fluid movement between ICF and ECF?

A

Osmosis - Na

22
Q

How many osmoles are each of the following in 1 L solution:
1 mole glucose
1 mole NaCl
1 mole Na2SO4

A

Glucose - 1 osmole
NaCL - 2 osmole
Na2SO4 - 3 osmole

23
Q

Define osmotic pressure.

A

Amount of pressure required to prevent osmosis.

24
Q

Convert 1 mOsmole to mm Hg

A

1 mOsmole = 19.3 mmHG

25
Q

What are the effects of dehydration in volume and osmolarity?

A

Volume - decrease in all compartments

Osmolarity - increase in all compartments

26
Q

What is a good estimate of plasma osmolarity?

A

Plasma osmolarity = [plasma Na x 2] + glucose + urea

27
Q

What is considered an abnormal osmolarity gap?

A

> 10 mOsmole difference between measured and estimated values

28
Q

What are the effects of an isotonic infusion (saline) in volume and osmolarity?

A

Volume - increase in ECF

Osmolarity - no change in either compartment

29
Q

What are the effects of gain of water in volume and osmolarity?

A

Volume - increase in all compartments

Osmolarity - decrease in all compartments

30
Q

What are the effects of gain of salt in volume and osmolarity?

A

Volume - increase ECF; decrease ICF

Osmolarity - increase in all compartments

31
Q

What are the effects of loss of salt in volume and osmolarity?

A

Volume - decrease ECF; increase ICF

Osmolarity - decrease in all compartments

32
Q

What are the effects of an isotonic urea infusion in volume and osmolarity?

A

Volume - increase in all compartments

Osmolarity - no change in either compartment

Nephrology (18 decks)

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