Homeostasis pt.2 Flashcards
What is the shape of the adrenal gland?
Triangular
The adrenal gland is described as being made of two glands in one shell.
Where is the adrenal gland located in the body?
On top of each kidney
The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys.
What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?
Cortex and Medulla
The inner gland is the Medulla, while the outer gland is the Cortex.
What controls the Medulla of the adrenal gland?
Nervous system
The Medulla is controlled by the nervous system.
What controls the Cortex of the adrenal gland?
Endocrine system
The Cortex is regulated by the endocrine system.
What is the shape of the pancreas?
Tadpole with a body and a tail
This description highlights the unique structure of the pancreas.
Where is the pancreas located in the body?
Behind the stomach
The pancreas is also connected to the small intestine by the pancreatic duct.
What are the hormone-producing cells in the pancreas called?
Islets of Langerhans
There are approximately 2000 tiny islets in the pancreas.
What is the difference between alpha and beta cells in the pancreas?
Alpha cells produce glucagon; Beta cells produce insulin
Alpha and beta cells play crucial roles in regulating blood glucose levels.
What do Alpha cells produce?
Alpha cells produce glucagon.
What do Beta cells produce?
Beta cells produce insulin.
What hormone is produced in the Adrenal Medulla?
Epinephrine (aka adrenalin) is produced in the Adrenal Medulla.
What are the target cells for Epinephrine?
The target cells for Epinephrine are heart cells, liver, and eyes.
What are the actions of Epinephrine?
Epinephrine increases breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure.
It also increases blood flow to the heart and muscles, converts glycogen to glucose in the liver, dilates the pupils of the eyes, and decreases blood flow to the extremities.
What is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
Where is cortisol released from?
The adrenal cortex.
What cells produce insulin?
Beta cells of the pancreas.
What cells produce glucagon?
Alpha cells of the pancreas.
What is the effect of cortisol on muscle cells?
It causes muscle to be broken down into amino acids, which are then used to make glucose.
What does insulin do?
It causes cells to intake glucose.
What does glucagon promote?
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
What is the shape and location of the Thyroid gland?
Butterfly shaped with 2 lobes, located in the neck below the larynx
What is a goiter?
Enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by a deficiency in iodine
What deficiency is often associated with the development of a goiter?
Iodine deficiency
What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland, potentially leading to goiter?
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
What is the purpose of iodized salt?
To prevent iodine deficiency and thereby reduce the risk of goiter
How many Parathyroid glands are there?
Four
Where are the Parathyroid glands located?
On the thyroid gland at the 4 points of the butterfly
Describe the appearance of the Parathyroid glands.
Small rounded glands
What is the hormone name for growth hormone?
Growth hormone (GH)
Also known as somatotropin.
Where is growth hormone produced?
Anterior pituitary
This is the gland responsible for its production.
What are the target cells for growth hormone?
All body cells
GH affects various types of cells throughout the body.
What is one action of growth hormone?
Increase protein synthesis
GH plays a crucial role in building proteins.
Fill in the blank: Growth hormone stimulates the _______ to secrete TSH.
pituitary
TSH stands for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.
What is another action of growth hormone?
Increase cell division and growth
This is especially true for cartilage, bone, and muscle.
What does growth hormone do to fats stored in adipose tissue?
Metabolic breakdown and release
GH helps mobilize fats for energy use.
What disorder is associated with low levels of growth hormone?
Dwarfism
Insufficient GH during development can lead to this condition.
What disorder is associated with high levels of growth hormone?
Acromegaly
Excess GH in adulthood can result in this condition.
What hormone does growth hormone stimulate the pituitary to secrete?
TSH
TSH stands for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, which regulates thyroid function.
What does TSH stand for?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Where is TSH produced?
Anterior pituitary
What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?
Thyroxine
What is the function of calcitonin?
Stimulates the uptake of calcium into the bones
Which gland secretes calcitonin?
Thyroid gland
What is the primary role of thyroxine?
Controls the rate at which the body metabolises fats, proteins and carbs for energy
Thyroxine affects the rate of _______.
cellular respiration
What condition is indicated by low levels of thyroxine?
Hypothyroidism
What condition is indicated by high levels of thyroxine?
Hyperthyroidism
What triggers the release of calcitonin?
High calcium levels in the blood
Which cells are stimulated by TSH?
Thyroid gland cells
All body cells are affected by ______.
Thyroxine
What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
Released in response to low blood calcium
Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood.
What does parathyroid hormone cause bone cells to do?
Break and secrete calcium into the blood
This process increases calcium levels in the bloodstream.
How does parathyroid hormone affect the kidneys?
Causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine
This action helps maintain calcium balance in the body.
What vitamin is activated by parathyroid hormone?
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption.
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on the intestines?
Stimulates calcium absorption from the intestines
This enhances the body’s ability to absorb dietary calcium.
True or False: Parathyroid hormone is released in response to high blood calcium levels.
False
It is released when blood calcium levels are low.
What is the shape and location of the testicles?
Round shaped, pair of sac-like glands located between the legs, outside of the body
What do the ovaries look like and where are they located?
Round pair of glands located inside the lower abdomen of a female, above the uterus
What is the corpus luteum?
A structure composed of scar tissue that develops in the ovary following ovulation
What are the primary functions of the corpus luteum?
Prepare the uterine lining for implantation and secrete progesterone
What does progesterone do in relation to ovulation and pregnancy?
Inhibits further ovulation and maintains the placenta if pregnancy occurs
True or False: The corpus luteum remains indefinitely if pregnancy does not occur.
False
Fill in the blank: The testicles are located _______ of the body.
outside
What happens to the corpus luteum after a few days if pregnancy does not occur?
It degenerates
