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DEOH101 > Homeostasis/ Endocrine > Flashcards

Homeostasis/ Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is Negative Feedback Mechanism. Example?

A

Negative is the most common feedback mechanism, it creates a response that is opposite to the original stimulus. Eg, creating heat in response to a drop in external temperature

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2
Q

What is Positive Feedback Mechanism? Example?

A

Uncommon, it is a stressful feedback mechanism. It creates a response that amplifies or accelarates the original stimulus. Eg, the release of oxytocin in childbirth.

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3
Q

What is Feed-Forward Mechanism? Example?

A

Creates a response that anticipates an event following the original stimulus, where the body “thinks ahead” Eg, when eating, the small intestine will stretch and increase secretion of juices before the food gets there

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4
Q

What happens if you eat a bag of chips and drink no water?

What hormone is released?

A

Due to the increase in salt in the body, increase blood sodium levels, the body tries to maintain homeostasis and the message gets relayed to the hypothalamus which stimulates Antidiuretic hormone, this tries to source water from within the body first eg leaching water from the cells, in conjunction also sending signals to the brain stimulation thirst and promoting water consumption, before dehydration

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5
Q

What is steroid hormone synthesis?

A

The process of producing steroid hormones from cholesterol, beginning with the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone which is the common precursor for steroid hormones.

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6
Q

What are three ways hormones work?

A

SYNERGISTIC, ie work together to enhance effects on cells,
PERMISSIVENESS, ie a small amount of one hormone is required for another hormone to exert full effects
ANTAGONISTIC, ie one hormone produces the opposite effect of another hormone

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7
Q

Which hormones are secreted from the neurohypophysis?

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin (OXT)

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8
Q

What hormones are secreted from the adenohypophysis?

anterior lobe of pituitary gland, 6-7

A

Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) (sometimes)

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9
Q

What happens when blood calcium levels are high?

A

Calcitonin secretion (from thyroid) increases, Breakdown of bone matrix decreases, forces calcium levels in the blood to decrease.

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10
Q

What happens when blood calcium levels are low?

A

Parathyroid hormone secretion increases, Breakdown of bone matrix increases and calcium levels in the blood increase

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11
Q

The outer part of the adrenal glands, the cortex, synthesises CORTICOSTEROIDS (steroid hormones).
What are the three layers outside in?

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

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12
Q

The medulla (inner portion) of the adrenal glands synthesise CATECHOLAMINES. They are?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

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13
Q

The islets of Langerhans produce several types of cells. What are they and what do they produce?

(there are 5)

A

Alpha cells produce glucagon
Beta cells produce insulin
Delta cells produce somatostatin
Epsilon cellss produce ghrelin
F cells produce pancreatic peptide (PP)

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14
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Insufficient insulin produced by the pancreas, usually genetic, regular insulin doses are required. Type 1 is irreversible

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15
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

most common, influenced by lifestyle, tissues do not respond to insulin and can lead to obesity. Reversible through diet and exercise.

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16
Q

What are the two causes of Endocrine disorders?

A

Hypersecretion-too much hormone produced
Hyposecretion-too little hormone procuced

Can be metabolic, physical or congenital

17
Q

Name one hormone or class of hormones produced by the zona reticularis?

A

Adrenal androgens or Adrenal estrogens

sex hormones

18
Q

Name one hormone produced by zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

19
Q

Name one hormone produced by zona fasciculata

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

20
Q

Which hormone will decrease blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

21
Q

Which hormone will increase blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

22
Q

What is the target organ of the Prolactin (PRL) hormone and what is its fuction?

A

Mammary glands, promotes milk secretion

23
Q

What is the target organ of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and what is its function?

A

Thyroid gland, stimulates development and secretion in the thyroid gland

24
Q

What is the target organ of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and what is its function?

A

Adrenal cortex, promotes development and secretion in the adrenal cortex

25
Q

What is the target organ of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and what is its function?

A

Primary sex organs
Female- promotes development of ovarian follicle, stimulates estrogen secretion
Male- promotes development of testes, stimulates sperm production

26
Q

What is the target organ of growth hormone (GH) and what is its function?

A

general, promotes growth by stimulating protein anabolism and fat mobilization

27
Q

What is the target organ of luteinizing hormone (LH) and what is its function?

A

Gonads,
female- triggers ovulation, promotes development of corpus luteum
male- stimulates production of testosterone

28
Q

What is the target organ for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and what is its function?

A

Kidney, promotes water retention by kidney tubules, raises blood pressure by stimulating muscles in walls of small arteries

29
Q

What is the target organ for oxytocin (OXT) and what is its function?

A

Uterus and mammary glands, stimulates uterine contractions, stimulates ejection of milk into ducts of mammary glands.

30
Q

name a disorder associated with excessive growth hormones?
what about growth hormone deficiency?

A

gigantism.
pituitary growth failure

31
Q

name one disorder associated with deficiency in glucocorticoid levels?
And too much?

(cortisol)

A

too little- addisons disease
too much- cushings disease

32
Q

If you experience a sudden uncomfortable cold or painful dental sensation while eating an icecream, what could you be experiencing?

A

Dentine sensitivity. the hydro-dynamic theory. Between the tubules there is fluid. when there is a stimulus this causes fluid movement. the fluid movement travels towards the pulp (where there are nerve endings) therefore causing pain

DEOH101 (4 decks)

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