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VPHY 151: PHYSIO LECTURE > Homeostasis and Signaling > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key themes in physiology?

A
  1. Homeostasis
  2. Communication and movement across the cell.
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2
Q

The tendency of organisms to regulate and
maintain relative internal stability.

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

Who are the 2 important scientists?

A

Claude Bernard (1872)
Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)

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4
Q

Maintaining stability/constant
conditions despite changes in the
environme

A

Homeostasis

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5
Q

What are the 2 important systems of the body that maintains homeostasis

A
  1. Nervous System
  2. Endocrine System
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6
Q

Signaling molecules (ligand) are released by ______________.

A

Signaling Cells

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7
Q

The ligand binds to its specific ___________ on a ____________ inducing a conformational change in the receptor

A

receptor
target cell

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8
Q

The study of the functions of living
organisms and how they are regulated and
integrated

A

Physiology

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9
Q

Give some Basis of Physiological Regulation

A
  1. A stable internal environment.
  2. Homeostasis
  3. Negative and Positive Feedback
  4. Steady State and Equilibrium
  5. Cellular Communication
  6. Different modes of cell communication differ in terms of distance and speed.
  7. Chemical signaling molecules (first messengers)
  8. Receptors are the receivers and transmitters of signaling molecules.
  9. Second messengers
  10. Steroid and thyroid hormone receptors
  11. Physiology
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10
Q

A condition that does not change over
time,

A

Steady State

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11
Q

Represents a balance between opposing
forces.

A

Equilibrium

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12
Q

Feedback and Feed-Forward Control

➢ Negative feedback: promotes stability
➢ Feed-forward: _______________
➢ ________________: promotes a change
in one direction, often leading to
instability, disease, and sometimes death

A

anticipates change

Positive feedback

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13
Q

The initiation of responses that counter deviations of a controlled variable from its
normal range and is

➢the major control process used to maintain a stable internal
environment.

A

Negative Feedback

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14
Q

A flow of information along a closed loop

A

Feedback

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15
Q

What are the three stages in the process of cell signaling or communication?

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

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16
Q

What are the 3 Modes of Intercellular
Communication?

A

Nervous Signaling
Endocrine Signaling
Neuroendocrine Signaling

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17
Q

What are the forms of Intracellular Signaling

A
  1. Contact-dependent
  2. Paracrine
  3. Synapic
  4. Endocrine
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18
Q

The conduction of information along nerves occurs via action
potentials, and signal transmission between nerves or between
nerves and effector structures takes place at a ______________.

______________________is almost always mediated by the release of specific chemicals or neurotransmitters from the nerve terminal.

A

synapse

Synaptic transmission

19
Q

What are the concepts of Cell Communication?

A
  1. Gap Junctions Provide a Pathway for Direct Communication Between Adjacent Cells
  2. Cells May Communicate Locally by Paracrine and Autocrine Signaling
  3. The Nervous System Provides for Rapid and Targeted Communication
  4. The Endocrine System Provides for Slower and More Diffuse Communication
  5. The Nervous and Endocrine Control Systems Overlap
20
Q

Give some growth factors that influence cell division, differentiation, and cell survival.

A

NGF - Nerve growth factor
EGF - Epidermal growth factor
PDGF - Platelet Derived Growth Factor
IGF - Insulin Like Growth factor

21
Q

In the molecular basis of cellular signaling, the pathway may include additional intracellular messengers, called __________________[.

A

second messengers.

22
Q

________ and _________ are involved in conversion of the signal into a physiological response.

A

transducers and effectors

23
Q

Signaling systems consist of receptors that reside either in the plasma membrane or within cells and are activated by a variety of extracellular signals or_____________.

A

first messenger

24
Q

What are the common second messengers?

A
  1. Cyclic nucleotides such as
    cyclic adenosine mono phosphate (cAMP) and Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
    (cGMP)
  2. inositol1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)
  3. diacylglycerol (DAG)
  4. Calcium
25
Q

Cellular receptors are divided into two general types. These are?

A

➢ cell-surface receptors
➢intracellular receptors

26
Q

A receptor that may work both fast and
slow ; Always use “second messengers”

A

Cell-surface receptor

27
Q

In Intracellular receptors

➢Fast – alters _________ functions
➢Slow – alters ___________ expression

A

protein
gene

28
Q

What are the 3 general classes of cell-surface receptors that have been identified?

A

➢G-protein-coupled receptors
➢ion channel linked receptors
➢enzyme-linked receptors.

29
Q

Intracellular receptors includes what?

A

➢steroid
➢thyroid hormone receptors

30
Q

What are the 4 Features of Signal transducing systems

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Amplication
  3. Adaption/Desensitization
  4. Integration
31
Q

What are the 2 types of intracellular signaling proteins that act as
molecular switches

A
  1. Signaling by phosphorylation
  2. Signaling by GTP-binding protein
32
Q

What are the 5 ways in which target cells can become desensitized to a signal molecule?

A
  1. G Protein Coupled Receptors
  2. Ion Channel-Linked Receptors
  3. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
  4. Calcium
    5.
33
Q

What are the 5 ways in which target cells can become desensitized to a signal molecule?

A
  1. G Protein Coupled Receptors
  2. Ion Channel-Linked Receptors
  3. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
  4. Calcium
    5.
34
Q

____________ is necessary for
normal cell function and survival of the
organism.

A

A stable internal environment

35
Q

These are used to modulate the body’s responses to changes in the
environment.

A

Positive and negative feedback

36
Q

___________ is essential to integrate
and coordinate the systems of the body so they can participate in different functions.

A

Cellular communication

37
Q

they provide the major means of intercellular communication

A

Chemical signaling molecules (first messengers)

38
Q

________________ are important for amplification of the signal received by plasma membrane receptors.

A

Second messengers

39
Q

___________ and __________ are
intracellular receptors that participate in the regulation of gene expression.

A

Steroid and thyroid hormone receptors

40
Q

For optimal cell, tissue, and organ to function in animals, several conditions in the internal environment must be maintained within narrow
limits. What are these?

➢These include but are not limited to:

A
  1. oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions
  2. concentrations of glucose and other
    metabolites
  3. osmotic pressure
  4. concentrations of hydrogen, potassium,
    calcium, and magnesium ions
  5. temperature
41
Q

With __________ and ________ signaling, a chemical messenger diffuses a short distance through the extracellular fluid and binds to a receptor on the same cell or a nearby cell.

A

autocrine and paracrine signaling

42
Q

Determined what type of signaling.

  1. the release of a neurotransmitter at a synapse.
  2. the transport of the hormone by the blood to a distant target cell.
  3. the binding of the hormone to specific target cell receptors.
A
  1. Neuron Signaling
  2. Neuroendocrine Signaling
  3. Endocrine Signaling
43
Q

Determined what type of nerve factor is mentioned.

  1. enhances nerve cell development and stimulates the growth of axo
  2. stimulate the proliferation of a wide variety of cells and mediate many of
    the effects of growth hormone
  3. stimulates the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial
    cells
  4. enhances nerve cell development and stimulates the growth of axons
A
  1. NGF
  2. IGF
  3. PDGF
    ;. EGF

VPHY 151: PHYSIO LECTURE (2 decks)

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