Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology paper 2 > Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is homeostasis all about?

A

keeping internal conditions as constant as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does homeostasis consist of?

A

automatic control systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the three features of an automatic control system?

A
  1. receptors
  2. co-ordination centres
  3. effectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do receptors do?

A
  • detect a change in the environment
  • the ‘environment’ could either be the body’s internal conditions or the external conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do co-ordination centres do?

A
  • receive and process the information from the receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do effectors do? (2)

A
  • carries out the response to the change in environment
  • restores optimum levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the key role of the nervous system?

A

enables humans to react to their surroundings and co-ordinate their behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens when you touch a hot object? (7)

A
  • the stimulus is detected by a receptor
  • electrical impulses pass from the receptor along the sensory neurone to the CNS
  • at the end of the sensory neurone, there’s a synapse
  • at the synapse, a chemical is release which diffuses across to a relay neurone in the CNS where it triggers an electrical impulse
  • the electrical impulse passes across the relay neurone
  • again, a chemical is released, triggering an electrical impulse in a motor neurone
  • the electrical impulse now passes down the motor neurone to the effector, which responds to the change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

controls the body by chemicals called hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the endocrine system consist of?

A

a number of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the five specific target organs that the hormones act on?

A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. Thyroid Gland
  3. Pancreas
  4. Adrenal Glands
  5. Ovaries and Testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pituitary Gland (3)

A

- located in the brain
- also known as the ‘MASTER GLAND’

  • releases a number of different hormones into the blood depending on the conditions
  • pituitary hormones act on other glands and they cause other hormones to be released
  • because of this, the pituitary glands can have a range of different effects on the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thyroid Gland (1)

A
  • releases hormones to do with growth and how rapidly the body’s reactions take place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pancreas (1)

A
  • releases hormones (insulin) to help control the concentration of glucose in the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adrenal Glands (1)

A
  • release the hormone adrenaline which is produced during times of fear or stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ovaries and Testes (1)

A
  • release hormones involved with puberty and reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does insulin do when there is a high concentration of glucose in the blood? (3)

A
  • travels around the body through the blood stream
  • triggers the body cells to take up glucose from the blood
  • also triggers the liver and muscle cells to store excess glucose as a storage molecule called glycogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define diabetes

A

where a person’s blood glucose control does not work effectively

19
Q

Type 1 Diabetes (2)

A
  • the pancreas does not produce enough insulin and therefore the body can not return its optimum
  • people with type 1 diabetes inject themselves with insulin if their blood glucose levels raise too much
20
Q

Type 2 Diabetes (2)

A
  • the body cells stop responding to the insulin that the pancreas is producing
  • people with type 2 diabetes often have a diet containing a controlled level of carbohydrates
21
Q

what happens when the glucose concentration is too low? (3)

A
  • the pancreas releases glucagon into the bloodstream
  • glucagon triggers the liver and muscle cells to convert their glycogen stores back into glucose
  • this glucose is released into the blood, restoring the normal level of blood glucose concentration
22
Q

which hormone do the testes produce?

A

testosterone

23
Q

what is the role of testosterone?

A

stimulates the testes to produce sperm

24
Q

which hormone do the ovaries produce?

A

oestrogen

25
Q

state the role of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

causes an egg to mature in an ovary

26
Q

state the role of the luteinising hormone (LH)

A

causes an egg to be released from an ovary

or

causes ovulation

27
Q

state the role of oestrogen and progesterone

A

maintain the uterus lining in case the egg for that month has been fertilised and needs to implant

28
Q

what are the four types of contraception?

A
  1. Oral Contraceptives
  2. Hormonal Contraceptives
  3. Barrier Method
  4. Sterilisation
29
Q

an example of an oral contraceptive…

A

the pill

30
Q

what does the pill do?

A
  • contains hormones that stop FSH from being produced, which prevents an egg from being matured in an ovary
31
Q

advantages (1) and disadvantages (1) of the pill?

A

ADVANTAGES
- highly effective if taken correctly

DISADVANTAGES
- must be taken every day; if the woman forgets to take it then there’s a risk of pregnancy

32
Q

examples of hormonal contraception… (3)

A
  • implant
  • injection
  • patch
33
Q

what do the hormonal forms of contraception all do?

A
  • all contain progesterone, which prevents FSH and LH from being released and in turn prevents an egg from both being matured and being released
34
Q

advantages (1) and disadvantages (1) of hormonal contraception?

A

ADVANTAGES
- more convenient than taking a daily pill; implant lasts three years; the injection lasts thirteen weeks; the patch lasts around a week

DISADVANTAGES
- none of these protect against sexually transmitted diseases

35
Q

examples of the barrier method include… (2)

A
  • condom
  • diaphragm
36
Q

what do all the forms of the barrier method do?

A

prevent the sperm from reaching the egg

37
Q

advantages (2) and disadvantages (1) of the barrier methods

A

ADVANTAGES
- don’t use hormones so they don’t have side effects
- can reduce the risk of STIs

DISADVANTAGES
- [condoms] can break or slip off

38
Q

what does the coil do?

A

prevent an embryo from implanting

39
Q

advantages (1) and disadvantages (1) of the coil?

A

ADVANTAGES
- highly effective and can prevent pregnancy for up to 10 years

DISADVANTAGES
- does not protect against STIs

40
Q

what is sterilisation in females?

A

prevents the egg from reaching the uterus

41
Q

what is sterilisation in males?

A

prevents the sperm from leaving the penis

42
Q

advantages (1) and disadvantages (2) of sterilisation?

A

ADVANTAGES
- very effective in both genders

DISADVANTAGES
- very difficult for them to be reversed
- do not protect against STIs

43
Q

two treatments for infertility

A
  1. women are given both FSH and LH (“a fertility drug”) which causes a woman to ovulate more than usual
  2. in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) where the fertilisation takes place outside of the body
44
Q

what are the three possible problems with IVF

A
  1. success rates are not high
  2. emotionally very stressful for both parents
  3. can lead to multiple births

biology paper 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions