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Biology GCSE AQA combined > Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What does homeostasis do?

A

Homeostasis maintains optimal conditions for enzyme action and all
cell functions.

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2
Q

What things does homeostasis control in the human body?

A
  • blood glucose concentration
  • body temperature
  • water levels
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3
Q

What things does the control system include?

A
  • cells called receptors, which detect stimuli (changes in the environment).
  • coordination centres (such as the brain, spinal cord and pancreas) that receive and process information from receptors.
  • effectors, muscles or glands, which bring about responses which restore optimum levels.
  • This mechanism is also called negative feedback.
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4
Q

What does the nervous system enable people to do?

A

The nervous system enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour.

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5
Q

How does information reach the CNS?

A

Information from receptors passes along cells (neurones) as electrical impulses to the central nervous system (CNS).

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6
Q

What is the CNS?

A

The CNS is the brain and spinal cord.

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7
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

The CNS coordinates the response of
effectors which may be muscles contracting or glands secreting
hormones.

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8
Q

What is the order of the CNS?

A

Stimulus-receptor-coordinator-effector-response.

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9
Q

What are reflex actions?

A

Reflex actions are automatic and rapid; they do not involve the conscious part of the brain.

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10
Q

What is process of a reflex action?

A

1) The pain of the stimulus is detected by receptors
2) Impulses from the receptor pass along a sensory neurone to the CNS.
3) An impulse then passes through a relay neurone.
4) A motor neurone carries an impulse to the effector.
5) The effector(usually a muscle) responds e.g. to withdraw a limb away from the source of pain.

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11
Q

What is the name of the gaps between the neurones?

A

Synapse

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12
Q

How do the neurones communicate with each other?

A

When an electric impulse reaches a synapse, a chemical is released that diffuses across the gap between the two neurones. This causes an electric impulse to be generated in the second neurone.

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13
Q

What is the sample method of the reaction time experiment?

A

1) The experimenter holds a metre ruler vertically from the end.
2) The subject has their finger and thumb a small distance apart, either side of the ruler, on the 50cm line.
3) The experimenter lets go of the ruler and the subject has to trap it.
4) The distance the ruler travels from the 50cm line is noted.
5) The experiment is repeated on subjects that have just drunk coffee or cola and subjects that have not.

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14
Q

What are the different variables in the reaction time experiment?

A

*Independent variable= Whether the subject has coffee or not.
*Dependent variable= The distance the ruler travels
*Control variable= The age, sex and mass of the subjects.

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15
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of and what do they do?

A

The endocrine system is composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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16
Q

What does the blood do in the endocrine system and how is this different to the nervous system?

A

The endocrine system is composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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17
Q

What are the main glands that produce hormones in the body?

A
  • pituitary gland
  • pancreas
  • thyroid
  • adrenal gland
  • ovary
  • testes.
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18
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

*The pituitary gland in the brain is a ‘master gland’ which secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions.
*These hormones in turn act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects.

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19
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration monitored by?

A

Blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled by the
pancreas.

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20
Q

What happens if the blood concentration is too high?

A

*If the blood glucose concentration is too high, the pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells.
*In liver and muscle cells excess glucose is
converted to glycogen for storage.

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21
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. It is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and is normally treated with insulin injections

22
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

In Type 2 diabetes the body cells no longer respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas. A carbohydrate-controlled diet and an exercise regime are common treatments. Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.

23
Q

What happens if the blood concentration is too low?

A

If the blood glucose concentration is too low, the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon which causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood.

24
Q

Where is adrenaline produced and what does it do?

A

*Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress

*Adrenaline increases the heart rate, boosting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles.

*Adrenaline prepares the body for flight or fight.

25
Q

Where is thyroxine produced an what does it do?

A

*Thyroxine is produced by the thyroid gland.

*Thyroxine increases the metabolic rate.

*Thyroxine controls the growth and development in young animals

*Thyroxine is controlled by negative feedback.

26
Q

What produces testosterone?

A

Testes

27
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Stimulates the testes to produce sperm.

28
Q

What is the name of the cycle that occurs in a woman after puberty every month?

A

Menstrual cycle

29
Q

What does FSH do in the menstrual cycle?

A

*Causes the egg to mature in the ovary.

*Triggers the ovaries to make oestrogen.

30
Q

What is FSH secreted by?

A

The pituitary gland

31
Q

What does oestrogen do in the menstrual cycle?

A

*Causes the lining of the uterus to become thick.

*Stops the pituitary gland from releasing any more FSH.

*Stimulates LH release.

32
Q

What is oestrogen secreted by?

A

Ovaries

33
Q

What does LH do in the menstrual cycle?

A

(Ovulation) The mature egg is released.

34
Q

What is LH secreted by?

A

Pituitary gland

35
Q

What does progesterone do in the menstrual cycle?

A

*Stops the pituitary gland from releasing FSH and LH to prevent any more eggs from maturing or being released.

*Maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle.

36
Q

What is an oral contraceptive?

A

Pill

37
Q

What is an oral contraceptive?

A

Pill

38
Q

What does an oral contraceptive do?

A

Prevent the body from producing the hormone FSH so eggs are released.

39
Q

What is the advantage of taking an oral contraceptive pill?

A

It is highly effective if it is taken correctly.

40
Q

What is the disadvantage of taking an oral contraceptive pill?

A

It must be taken every day so if a woman forgets to take it there is a risk of pregnancy.

41
Q

What is another type of hormonal method of contraceptive?

A

An injection, implant or skin patch and these contain progesterone.

42
Q

What is another form of contraceptive method?

A

Barrier methods such as condoms or diaphragms and these prevent the sperm from reaching an egg.

43
Q

What does the spermicide gel do?

A

Kill or disable sperms

44
Q

What does an intrauterine device do?

A

These prevent the embryo from implanting in the uterus.

45
Q

What is a surgical type of contraception?

A

Sterilisation

46
Q

What does sterilisation do?

A

Women - Prevent the egg from reaching the uterus.

Men - Prevents the sperm from leaving the penis.

47
Q

What might doctors do if a woman’s FSH levels are too low?

A

They may give FSH and LH in a fertility drug

48
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In Vitro fertilisation

49
Q

What does In Vitro fertilisation involve?

A

1) Giving a woman FSH and LH to stimulate the growth of many eggs.

2) Collecting eggs from the woman.

3)Fertilising the eggs with sperm from the father in the laboratory.

4) Inserting two or more embryos into the women’s uterus (womb).

50
Q

What does the fertility treatment do to the women?

A

It gives her a chance to have a baby

51
Q

What are the issues with In Vitro fertilisation?

A

*It is emotionally and physically stressful.

*The success rates are not high.

*It can lead to multiple births, which are a risk to both the babies and the mother.

52
Q

What does negative feedback do?

A

Its a process which return a condition to its original level when the condition becomes too high or too low.

Biology GCSE AQA combined (2 decks)

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