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Biology - Paper 2 > Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

why is homeostasis important

A

cells need the right conditions to function properly, also for enzyme action

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2
Q

what is homeostasis

A

regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain a stable environment in response to changes

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3
Q

give examples of control systems

A

temperature, water content, blood glucose

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4
Q

give the components that work together in homeostasis

A

effectors, receptors and coordination centres

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5
Q

what is negative feedback

A

bringing the level of something back to normal

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6
Q

what is a stimulus

A

change in environment

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7
Q

what is the process for when something is too high/low

A
  • receptor detects stimulus is too high/low
  • coordination centre processes information and organises a response
  • effector produces a response that counteracts the change
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8
Q

what does the nervous system mean

A

humans can react and coordinate behaviour

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9
Q

what is the difference between prokaryote nervous systems and eukaryote nervous systems

A

prokaryotes have reflexes and eukaryotes have nervous systems

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10
Q

what is the CNS

A

brain, spinal chord, sensory and motor neurones

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11
Q

what are sensory neurones

A

carry info as electrical impulses from receptors to CNS

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12
Q

what are motor neurones

A

carry info as electrical impulses from CNS to effectors

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13
Q

what are effectors

A

all muscles and glands that respond to nervous impulses

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14
Q

what is a synapse

A

connection between two neurones

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15
Q

how does a neurone transfer to another neurone

A

nerve signal transferred by chemicals diffuse across gap sets off electrical signal in next neurone

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16
Q

what are reflexes?

A

rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain - they can reduce the chance of being injured

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17
Q

what is an example of a reflex?

A

if a bright light is in your eye, your pupils get smaller so that less light gets in the eye to stop it getting damaged.

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18
Q

what are the 6 steps to a reflex arc?

A
  • stimulation of pain receptors
  • impulses travel along sensory neurone
  • impulse pass along relay neurone through a synapse
  • impulse travels along a motor neurone via synapse
  • impulse reaches muscle and muscle contracts
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19
Q

how do you do the ruler drop test in 6 steps?

A
  • person rests their arm on the edge of a table
  • hold a ruler above their hand and let go without any warning
  • person should try to catch the ruler to measure reaction time
  • write down the measurement of them catching it
  • repeat the test several times and calculate the mean
  • repeat but give the person caffeine
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20
Q

what are hormones 5

A
  • chemical molecules released into the blood
  • only affect target organs
  • long lasting effects
  • control things that need constant adjustment
  • controlled and secreted endocrine glands that make up your endocrine system
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21
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A
  • in your brain, looks like an egg
  • regulate body conditions
  • master gland
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22
Q

what is the thyroid?

A
  • in your throat, looks like a butterfly
  • produces thyroxine
  • regulates metabolism, heart rate and temperature
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23
Q

what is the adrenal gland?

A
  • looks like a cupcake, in your stomach
  • produces adrenaline
  • fight or flight
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24
Q

what is the pancreas?

A
  • in your stomach, looks like a rat
  • produces insulin
  • regulates blood glucose
25
Q

what are ovaries?

A
  • in uterus, looks like two eggs
  • produces oestrogen
  • menstrual cycle
26
Q

what are testes?

A
  • balls, two eggs
  • produces testosterone
  • puberty and sperm production
27
Q

what does eating foods containing carbohydrates do?

A

puts glucose into the blood from the gut

28
Q

how do you remove glucose from the blood?

A
  • exercise
  • metabolism of cells
  • insulin
29
Q

where is excess glucose stored?

A

insulin turns glucose into glycogen in the liver and muscles

30
Q

what happens when blood glucose is too high?

A
  • insulin (pancreas)
  • liver turns glucose into glycogen
  • glucose goes into liver and muscle cells
31
Q

what happens when blood glucose is too low?

A
  • glucagon (pancreas)
  • glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose
  • glucose goes into blood
32
Q

what is diabetes?

A

condition that affects your ability to control your blood sugar level

33
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A
  • pancreas produces little/ no insulin
34
Q

what do people with type 1 diabetes do to treat it?

A

insulin injections at mealtimes to make sure glucose is removed from the body once food has been digested to stop the level getting too high

35
Q

what does the amount of insulin depend on?

A
  • persons activeness

- persons diet

36
Q

how should people with type 1 diabetes think about their intake?

A

limiting intake of food rich in carbohydrates

37
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

when a person becomes resistant to their own insulin

38
Q

what increases your chance of getting type 2 diabetes?

A

being overweight

39
Q

how can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A
  • carbohydrate controlled diet

- regular exercise

40
Q

what happens in stage 1 (day 1 - day 4) in the menstrual cycle?

A

lining of the uterus breaks down

41
Q

what happens in stage 2 (day 4 - day 14) in the menstrual cycle?

A

lining of the uterus builds up

42
Q

what happens in stage 3 (day 14) in the menstrual cycle?

A

ovulation

43
Q

what happens in stage 4 (day 14 - day 28) in the menstrual cycle?

A

lining of uterus maintained

44
Q

what fsh?

A
  • pituitary gland
  • egg matures in one of the ovaries in follicle
  • stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
45
Q

what is oestrogen?

A
  • ovaries
  • lining of uterus to grow
  • stimulates the release of LH and inhibits FSH
46
Q

what is LH?

A
  • pituitary gland

- stimulates ovulation

47
Q

what is progesterone?

A
  • ovaries by remains of follicle after ovulation
  • maintains lining of uterus
  • inhibits LH FSH
48
Q

how can oestrogen be a contraceptive?

A
  • taken everyday to keep level of it high, inhibits production of FSH
  • egg development and production stop
49
Q

how can progesterone be a contraceptive?

A

stimulates thick mucus that prevents any sperm reaching the egg

50
Q

what is a side effect of an oestrogen pill?

A
  • nausea
  • headaches
  • doesn’t protect against STDs
51
Q

what are other forms of contraception using oestrogen and progesterone? (5)

A
  • contraceptive patch stuck on the skin, lasts a week
  • contraceptive implant releases continuous progesterone, lasts three years
  • contraceptive injection, 3 months
  • plastic IUD kills sperm and release progesterone
  • copper IUD kills sperm and prevent sperm from surviving
52
Q

what are non-hormonal forms of contraception?

A
  • condoms stop sperm from entering and prevent STDs

- diaphragm is a cup that fits over the cervix that uses spermicide

53
Q

what are other ways to avoid pregnancy?

A
  • abstinence
  • ‘natural methods’ menstrual cycle
  • sterilisation: cutting/tying fallopian tubes or sperm duct (permanent)
54
Q

how can hormones be used to increase fertility?

A

women that have low levels of FSH cause their eggs to mature: no eggs are released. FSH and LH stimulate ovulation

55
Q

what is a side effect of using hormones to increase fertility?

A
  • expensive

- too many eggs stimulated can result in twins/triplets

56
Q

what is IVF? (4)

A
  • collecting eggs and fertilising them using a lab and sperm
  • if the man has a low sperm count, they inject it into the egg
  • embryo grows in an incubator, then is transferred to a woman’s uterus
  • FSH and LH are given before egg collection
57
Q

what is a downside of IVF? (4)

A
  • multiple births
  • success rate is low (26%)
  • stressful
  • abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and dehydration
58
Q

how has technology improved IVF? (3)

A
  • microscopes improve technique and success
  • micro-tools used on egg and sperm
  • time-lapse imaging: growth can be monitored
59
Q

why are some people against IVF?

A
  • embryos can be destroyed and people think it’s unethical as it is a potential human life
  • genetic testing could lead to preferred characteristics which people find unethical

Biology - Paper 2 (3 decks)

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