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Biology with NAJI the legend > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintaining of stable internal conditions within the body.

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2
Q

What is the function of a receptor?

A

Detects a change in the environment (stimulus)

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3
Q

What is the function of the Coordination Centre?

A

Controls the activities which allow the body to return to its set point.

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4
Q

What is the function of an effector?

A

Carries out activities which allows the body to return to its set point eg. a muscle or a gland

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5
Q

What are the two types of feedback mechanisms?

A

Positive and negative feedback

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6
Q

What is positive feedback

A

When the corrective mechanisms are not turned off

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7
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

Oxytocin release and uterus contractions during labour.

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8
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the corrective mechanisms are turned off following a change.

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9
Q

What are examples of negative feedback?

A 
Control of heart rate 
Breathing rate
Temperature
Blood glucose
Water levels
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10
Q

What are the two hormones that regulate blood glucose?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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11
Q

What happens following a meal?

A

Blood glucose levels rise
Insulin is released via pancreas
Insulin stimulates glycogenesis (conversion of glucose into glycogen) reduces the blood glucose levels back to normal

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12
Q

What happens if you don’t eat for a while?

A

Blood glucose levels decline
Glucagon is released via pancreas
Glucagon triggers glycogenolysis (break down of glycogen to glucose) to raise blood glucose levels back to normal

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13
Q

What are the two sites glycogen is stored?

A

Muscles

Liver

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14
Q

Where does glucose come from following glycogenolysis?

A

The liver

NB The muscles are greedy and therefore do not donate glucose to the blood during periods of starvation

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15
Q

What are the two types of diabetes?

A

Type 1

Type 2

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16
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

The cells that produce insulin are destroyed by the immune system rendering the individual unable to produce insulin causing them to have high glucose levels.

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17
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

The body becomes resistant to its own insulin.

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18
Q

Which type of diabetes is common in children?

A

Type 1

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19
Q

How do we treat patients with type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin injections during mealtime eg. epi pens
Watching ones diet
Regular exercise

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20
Q

How can we control type 2 diabetes?

A

Carbohydrate controlled diet
Regular exercise
Medication such as metformin

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21
Q

What hormone prepares our body for a fight or flight response?

A

Adrenaline

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22
Q

Where is adrenaline produced from?

A

Adrenal glands

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23
Q

Where can adrenal glands be found?

A

Above the kidneys

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24
Q

What effect does adrenaline have on our body?

A

Heart rate increases
Breathing rate increases
Force at which heart contracts increases
Blood pressure increases

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25
Q

What hormone helps us to regulate metabolism?

A

Thyroxine

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26
Q

Where is thyroxine produced?

A

The thyroid gland

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27
Q

Where is the thyroid glands located?

A

Neck

28
Q

What effect does thyroxine have on our body?

A

Increases metabolic rate

N.B. involved in metabolic processes including protein synthesis

29
Q

What hormone needs to be released to stimulate the release of thyroxine?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

30
Q

The release of thyroid hormones is dependant upon which type of feedback mechanism?

A

Negative Feedback

31
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Substance released by an endocrine gland into the bloodstream. Substance travels via bloodstream and acts upon distance receptor site.

32
Q

What are examples of hormones?

A

Blood glucose regulation - glucagon, insulin
Metabolic regulation - Thyroxine, TSH, TRH
Water regulation - ADH,
Fertility - FSH, LH, Oestrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, GnRH
Blood pressure control - Noradrenaline and adrenaline
Labour - Oxytocin
Breast feeding - Prolactin, Oxytocin

33
Q

What is the difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?

A

An endocrine gland is a ductless gland therefore secretion are directly passed into bloodstream
An exocrine gland has ducts and releases content onto surface of the skin

34
Q

What are examples of exocrine glands?

A

Sweat glands, pancreas (an endo and exocrine gland) and tear glands

35
Q

Which gland is considered as the master gland?

A

The pituitary gland, as it stimulates the release other hormones to regulate body conditions

36
Q

What hormone is released via the ovaries?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone involved in menstrual cycle

37
Q

What hormone is released via testes?

A

Testosterone

38
Q

What is the function of testostere?

A

Regulates puberty and sperm production in males

39
Q

What is the only gland that acts as a endocrine and exocrine?

A

Pancreas

40
Q

What are the two branches of the nervous system?

A

The CNS

PNS - Peripheral Nervous System

41
Q

What are the components of the NS?

A 
Receptor
Sensory Neurone 
CNS - brain 
Motor Neurone
Effector
42
Q

What is the function of the sensory neurone?

A

Transmits electrical impulses from the receptor to the CNS

43
Q

What is the function of the Coordination Centre?

A

Coordinates activities necessary to deal with stimuli

44
Q

What is the function of the motor neurone>

A

Transmits information from the CNS to the effector

45
Q

What is the function of the effector?

A

Muscle/gland that carries out required response.

46
Q

What are receptors?

A

Cells that detect stimuli.

47
Q

Examples of receptor cells?

A

Thermoreceptor - detects temp
Baroreceptor - detects pressure
Touch receptors - detects touch
Photoreceptor - detects light

48
Q

What effects do effectors bring?

A

They bring about change via hormone secretion or muscle contraction.

49
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Coordinates appropriate response necessary in dealing with the stimulus.

50
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between two adjacent neurones

51
Q

What is the function of a synapse>

A

Helps to connect two adjacent neurones together via the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neurone.

52
Q

How are messages transmitted across a synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, they then diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors found on the surface of the post synaptic neurone binding results in the transmission of signals to the post synaptic neurone.

53
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Reflexes are rapid, automatic, involuntary responses to a certain stimuli that does not involve the conscious part of the brain.

54
Q

What are examples of reflexes?

A

Pupil constriction to prevent unnecessary light entering eye.
Contraction of muscles in the arm to move the arm from a hot plate

55
Q

What are components of the reflex arc?

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory Neurone
Relay Neurone
Motor Neurone
Effector
56
Q

Compare hormonal and nervous transmission

A

Hormonal - Slow action, Nerves have a very fast action
Hormones act for a long time, whilst nerves act for a short time.
Hormones act across a general area whereas nerves act on a very precise area

57
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The cycle in which an egg is released every month for a baby to be produced

58
Q

What happens during days 1-4?

A

Uterus lining breaks down

59
Q

What happens during days 4-28?

A

The uterus lining builds up again

60
Q

What happens on day 14?

A

The egg is released from the ovary, this is known as ovulation

61
Q

What happens if fertilisation has not taken place>

A

If fertilisation has not taken place by day 28, the lining of the uterus breaks down again, this is known as a period

62
Q

What happens when fertilisation has occurred?

A

The lining of the uterus is maintained and the woman is pregnant.

63
Q

What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, LH, Oestrogen, Progesterone

64
Q

What are the properties of FSH?

A

It is produced by the pituitary gland.
Matures the egg
Stimulates ovaries to release oestrogen

65
Q

What are the properties of oestrogen?

A

It’s produced by the ovaries
Causes the uterus lining to develop
Stimulates the release of LH and inhibits the release of FSH.

Biology with NAJI the legend (5 decks)

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