homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

explain the effect of sweating on the body

A

1 evaporation will , have a cooling effect /
reduce (body) temperature ;
2 heat , taken from / supplied by ,
the body / blood / skin , is ,
needed / used for , evaporation ;
3 idea that water has a high latent heat of ,
vaporisation / evaporation ;

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2
Q

suggest why shivering occurs during a fever

A

) idea that to increase body temperature as it is
lower than the ‘new’ set-point
(even though body is hot) ;

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3
Q

why is vasodilation at times dangerous

A

1 vasodilation results in more blood nearer to the
skin surface ;
2 idea that will lose (even) more heat /
further heat loss (from body) /
body temperature decreases further ;
3 (named) organ(s) will not be able to maintain ,
function / metabolism ;

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4
Q

State where the core body temperature is monitored.

A

(thermoregulatory centre in) hypothalamus

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5
Q

Name the type of sensory cell in the skin that detects changes in environmental temperature.

A

thermoreceptor / peripheral temperature receptor ;

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6
Q

Name the corrective homeostatic mechanism that works to restore any changes in body temperature to the normal range.

A

negative feedback / thermoregulation

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7
Q

Elephants have large, thin ears that they move backwards and forwards when hot.

A

large surface area (to lose heat) ;
(thin) so , blood flows / (named) blood vessel are ,
close to the (skin) surface (to lose heat) ;
(movement) increases air movement over , skin / surface
(to lose heat) ;

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8
Q

Penguins living in cold climates have ‘shunt’ blood vessels. These shunt vessels link arterioles carrying blood towards their feet with small veins that carry blood away from their feet.

A

blood loses less heat because ,
less blood flows to feet /
warm blood diverted from arterioles to veins
or
less blood flows to feet so core body temperature
maintained ;

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9
Q

Explain what is meant by the terms autotroph and heterotroph.

A

autotroph
can make ,
organic molecule(s) / named organic molecule(s) ,
from , inorganic molecule(s) / carbon dioxide ;
heterotroph
relies on / needs to use / has to obtain /
feeds on and digests ,
(named) organic molecules (that have been made
by another organism) ;

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10
Q

State precisely where the cells that detect a decrease in the water potential of the blood plasma are found.

A

((walls of) blood vessels in) hypothalamus ;

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11
Q

Name the cells that detect this decrease.

A

osmoreceptor(s) ;

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12
Q

animals that are able to regulate and maintain their core body temperature within narrow limits;

A

endotherm(s) ;

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13
Q

the increase in the diameter of the lumen of an arteriole to allow more blood to flow through.

A

(vaso)dilation ;

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14
Q

Name a hormone that increases the metabolic rate and so generates heat.

A

thyroxine / adrenaline;

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15
Q

Name the part of the brain where the thermoregulatory centre is located.

A

hypothalamus ;

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16
Q

Explain the likely effect on the blood cells if the water potential of the plasma was allowed to increase significantly.

A
  1. water potential /  , of plasma / outside cells ,
    would be higher than that of the (blood) cells ;
  2. water would enter (blood) cells
  3. blood cells , swell / (might) burst / lyse ;
17
Q

Describe the way in which an endothermic animal, such as a mammal, normally prevents its body temperature from decreasing when the external temperature decreases.

A
  1. peripheral / skin , thermoreceptors / (heat) receptors ,
    stimulated (by decrease in external temp) ;
  2. (impulses sent to / blood temperature monitored in )
    hypothalamus / sensory cortex ;
  3. vasoconstriction of , arterioles / small arteries , to reduce heat loss ;
  4. (prevents heat loss by) radiation / conduction / convection ;
  5. increased , metabolic rate / metabolism / respiration ,
    to generate heat (energy) ;
  6. (release of) adrenaline / thyroxine ;
  7. shivering / (involuntary) muscle spasms , to generate heat (energy) ;
  8. erector / hair , muscles raise , (skin) hair / fur , to trap , air / heat ;