Homeostasis (235 #1, 230 #1) Flashcards

Question

Metabolism

Answer 1

the sum of all of the chemical processes that occur in the body - catabolism (breaking down complex chemical substances) and anabolism ( the building up of complex chemical substances)

Answer 2

the body's ability to detect and respond to changes (with nerve cells and muscle cells)

Answer 3

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and even tiny structures inside cells.

Answer 4

increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. Sometimes due to an increase in the amount of material between cells (mineral deposits, etc)

Answer 5

the development of a cell from an unspecialized cell into a specialized state. Precursor cells = stem cells.

Answer 6

the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement, or the production of a new individual

Answer 7

the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes. Important aspect is maintenance of volume/composition of body fluids. Nervous (nerve impulses) and Endocrine (hormones) systems usually provide needed corrective measures when stressors are introduced, through negative feedback systems.

Answer 8

ICF - the dissolved chemicals that are found within cell walls

Answer 9

ECF - the fluid outside body cells. Interstitial = between cells of tissues. ECF within blood vessels = Plasma. ECF in lymphatic vessels = Lymph. ECF around brain and spinal cord = cerebrospinal fluid. ECF in eye = Aqueous Humour and Vitreous Body, ECF in joints = synovial fluid

Answer 10

the body's internal environment - proper functioning of body cells depends on precise regulation of the composition of it.

Answer 11

cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on.

Answer 12

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input (nerve impulses or chemical signals) to a control centre. AFFERENT pathway = information flows towards the control center.

Answer 13

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates the input it RXs from receptors and generates output commands. EFFERENT pathway = away from the control center.

Answer 14

body structure that RXs output from the control centre and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

Answer 15

reverses a change in a controlled condition. a corrective adjustment opposes the original deviation from the normal desired level.

Answer 16

tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions. Continues until it is interrupted by some mechanism.

Answer 17

any abnormality of structure or function

Answer 18

specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. LOCAL = one part or limited region of body, SYSTEMIC = the entire body or several parts of it.

Answer 19

subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (headache, nausea & anxiety)

Answer 20

objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (rash, fever & swelling)

Answer 21

the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward. UPRIGHT!

Answer 22

CEPHALIC = Head, CERVICAL = Neck, Trunk (ABDOMINAL, THORACIC, PELVIC), Upper Limbs, Lower Limbs

Answer 23

Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.

Answer 24

Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.

Answer 25

Nearer to or at the front of the body.

Answer 26

Nearer to or at the back of the body.

Answer 27

nearer to the midline

Answer 28

farther from the midline

Answer 29

between two structures

Answer 30

on the same side of the body as another structure

Answer 31

on the opposite side of the body as another structure

Answer 32

nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk, or nearer to the origination

Answer 33

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, or farther from the origination

Answer 34

toward or on the surface of the body

Answer 35

away from the surface of the body

Answer 36

a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides MIDSAGITTAL = through midline, PARASAGITTAL = unequal left & right sides

Answer 37

divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Answer 38

divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. Other names for a transverse plane are a cross‐sectional or horizontal plane.

Answer 39

passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90‐degree angle)

Answer 40

a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes

Answer 41

spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs. Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another

Answer 42

cranial bones form a hollow space of the head called the cranial cavity (KRĀ‐nē‐al), which contains the brain. The bones of the vertebral column (backbone) form the vertebral (spinal) canal (VER‐te‐bral), which contains the spinal cord. The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous with one another. Three layers of protective tissue, the meninges (me‐NIN‐jēz), and a shock‐absorbing fluid surround the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 43

is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. Contains Pleural & Pericardial cavities and Mediastinum

Answer 44

two fluid‐filled spaces, one around each lung - serous membrane is called PLEURA

Answer 45

surrounds the heart - serous membrane is called the PERICARDIUM

Answer 46

between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves - the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels that enter and exit the heart.

Answer 47

dome‐shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

Answer 48

extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis. As the name suggests, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into two portions, even though no wall separates them

Answer 49

contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

Answer 50

contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system

Answer 51

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Answer 52

are built into or 'inherent' in an organ. self-serving for the organ in which they occur.

Answer 53

regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ to alter the activity of the organ. Accomplished by the nervous and endocrine systems (two major regulatory systems) - coordinated regulation of several organs towards a common goal.

Answer 54

responses made after a change has been detected.

Answer 55

responses made in anticipation of a change.

Answer 56

the abnormal functioning of the body (altered physiology) associated with disease.

Answer 57

Why do we shiver - to warm up since shivering generates heat... explains bodily functions in terms of meeting a bodily need without considering how it is accomplished.

Answer 58

view the body as a machine whose mechanisms of action can be explained in terms of cause-and-effect, explaining the 'how'.