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Y2S1 - Homeostasis > Homeostasis 2 > Flashcards

Homeostasis 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does RVD stand for?

A

Regulatory Volume Decrease

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2
Q

What does RVI stand for?

A

Regulatory Volume Increase

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3
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Lower osmotic pressure - more water

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4
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Higher osmotic pressure - less water

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5
Q

What conditions lead to RVD?

A

Hypo out, hyper in

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6
Q

What conditions lead to RVI?

A

Hyper out, hypo in

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7
Q

What occurs during RVD?

A

Loss of ions and solute and water

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8
Q

What occurs during RVI?

A

Gain of ions and solute and water

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9
Q

Breifly outline RVD.

A

Hypo out - more water out - water moves in - loss of ions/solute/water - decrease in volume

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10
Q

Briefly outline RVI.

A

Hyper out - less water out - water moves out - gain of ions/solute/water - increase in volume

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11
Q

What does SACs stand for?

A

Stretch activated Ca channels

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12
Q

What do SACs do?

A

Increase IC Ca when cell stretched

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13
Q

What ions leave during RVD?

A

K, Cl and a/a

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14
Q

What does SACCs stand for?

A

Shrinkage-activated cation channels

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15
Q

What are SACs involved in?

A

RVD

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16
Q

What are SACCs involved in?

A

RVI

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17
Q

What do SACCs do?

A

Increase IC Ca when cell shrinks

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18
Q

What is the difference between SAC and SACC function?

A

Difference in stimulus, and location, but same mechanism

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19
Q

What ions move in during RVI?

A

Na, K, Cl

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20
Q

What is hyponatraemia?

A

Low Na

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21
Q

What is the role of RVD in hyponatraemia?

A

Hypo out - more water out - water moves into braincells - RVD counters

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22
Q

What three methods do cells employ to maintain pH?

A

Buffering, acid extrusion, acid loading

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23
Q

What controls acid extrusion from the cell?

A

Na/H exchanger

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24
Q

What controls acid loading into the cell?

A

Cl/HCO3 exchanger

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25
Q

Name two buffers

A

HCO3 and NH2

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26
Q

How does HCO3 buffer?

A

pHi increase = dissociation into HCO3- and H+

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27
Q

How does NH2 buffer?

A

pHi decrease = association into NH3+

28
Q

What does Na/H exchanger, and thus acid extrusion, depend upon?

A

Na gradient set up bu ATPase

29
Q

What are the three advantages of the eukaryotic secretory system?

A

Allows assmbly of multi-unit complexes, obviates the need for the cell-wall, regulation of secretion and endocytosis

30
Q

Name a chaperone in the ER than ensures proper folding.

A

BiP

31
Q

Name three ER folding diseases.

A

CF, emphysema, hypothyroidism

32
Q

How is emphysema an ER folding disease?

A

Deficiency of secretion of alpha-1-trypsin

33
Q

How is hypothyroidism an ER folding disease?

A

Production of mutant thyroglobulin = proliferation of ER to try and secrete the correct amount

34
Q

Name three coated vesicle types.

A

COP I, COP II, clathrin

35
Q

Where (generally) is COP I?

A

ER

36
Q

Where (generally) is COP II?

A

Golgi

37
Q

Where (generally) is clathrin?

A

PM-Golgi

38
Q

What are the three steps in COP II vesicle formation?

A

Recruit Sar 21, recruit Sec 23/24 - content recognition, recruit Sec 13/31

39
Q

What does GEF stand for?

A

Guanine exchange factor

40
Q

What does GAP stand for?

A

Guanine activation factor

41
Q

What do GEFs do?

A

Activate GDP - NOT BY PHOSPHORYLATION

42
Q

What do GAPs do?

A

Deactivate GTP - BY PHOSPHORYLATION

43
Q

What are mutant GTPases good for?

A

Probing membrane traffic

44
Q

What does injection of dominant negative Sar1 cause?

A

Accumulation of resident golgi protein in ER

45
Q

How does Sar1GDP act as dmoinant negative?

A

Sequestering GEFs

46
Q

What GTPase does COP I utilise?

A

Sar 1

47
Q

What GTPase does COPII utilise?

A

Arf 1

48
Q

What GTPases does clathrin utilise?

A

Arf 1 and others unknown

49
Q

What cargo does COP I carry?

A

Newly synthesised proteins

50
Q

What cargo does COP II carry?

A

Retrieved and newly synthesised proteins

51
Q

What cargo does clathrin carry?

A

Lysosomal proteins, regulated secretory proteins and endocytosed material

52
Q

What does COP I mediate?

A

Antero and retrograde transport through the golgi

53
Q

Describe the COP I coat.

A

Complex of seven polypeptides

54
Q

What do SNAREs contribute to?

A

Fidelity of membrane transport, catalysis of membrane fusion

55
Q

What do SNAREs do?

A

Create docking site for vesicle

56
Q

What happens to SNAREs during docking?

A

t-SNARE binds v-SNARE

57
Q

What happens to SNAREs after docking?

A

Must be seperated again by adaptor proteins, NSF and ATP

58
Q

What makes the clathrin lattice?

A

Clathrin triskelia polymerase

59
Q

What allows us to determine where proteins are localised in living cells?

A

Immunofluorescance

60
Q

What links cargo to the clathrin lattice?

A

AP2

61
Q

What is the function of the early endosome?

A

Major endocytic sorting station

62
Q

What facilitates sorting in the early endosome?

A

Reduced pH

63
Q

How long does it take for cargo to reach the early endosome?

A

5-10 minutes

64
Q

What targets cargo to late endosomes?

A

Ubiquitination

65
Q

What is ubiquitination?

A

Reversible post-translational modification

66
Q

Characterise receptor mediated uptake

A

Saturable

Y2S1 - Homeostasis (2 decks)

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