Homeostasis Flashcards
1
Q
What roles does the endocrine system have in regulating the female reproductive system?
A
Regulates the development of sexual characteristics, menstrual cycle and fertility
2
Q
What hormone helps regulate ovulation?
A
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
3
Q
What is endometriosis?
A
The thickening of the uterine lining and formation of lesions or cysts in the ovaries
4
Q
What is NOT a symptom of endometriosis?
A
Fertility
5
Q
What treatments are available to help endometriosis?
A
Birth control pills, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and Danazol
6
Q
What happens to the endometrium when it has thickened and is not in use?
A
It keeps thickening until a fertilized egg is in the uterus
7
Q
What is the function of ovaries?
A
Produces and releases estrogen and eggs
8
Q
Which systems are connected to the female reproductive system?
A
Endocrine system, Immune system
and Nervous system
9
Q
What is the role of LH (Luteinizing Hormone)?
A
Triggers ovulation and supports early stages of pregnancy
10
Q
What happens during menopause?
A
A decline in hormones take place and adjustments are made to other systems
11
Q
What hormone(s) are released after GnRH is released?
A
LH and FSH
12
Q
Where is sperm made?
A
The testes
13
Q
What is NOT a symptom of male hypogonadism?
A
Uncontrollable bladder
14
Q
What are the functions of the male reproductive system?
A
Produces, maintains, and transports sperm, produces androgens such as testosterone, and discharges sperm during sexual intercourse in order for reproduction to occur.
15
Q
What is the chemical formula for testosterone?
A
C19H28O2
16
Q
What is the function of the Urethra?
A
Carries urine and semen to the outside of the body
17
Q
What is the main role of Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?
A
Nourish developing sperm cells through its stages in spermatogenesis
18
Q
What is spermatogenesis?
A
The production and development of sperm in the testes
19
Q
What is the cause of Erectile dysfunction?
A
Age, Substance use, Depression, Drinking, and Anxiety
20
Q
What is the correct sequence of these stages in spermatogenesis?
A
Spermatogonia -> primary spermatocytes -> secondary spermatocytes -> spermatids -> spermatozoa
21
Q
Where are receptor molecules for steroid hormones located in the target tissues?
A
In the cytosol
22
Q
What is the primary use of anabolic steroids in sports?
A
Build muscle mass
23
Q
What are synthetic hormones designed to do?
A
Mimic natural hormones
24
Q
Which hormone is responsible for regulating the female reproductive cycle?
A
Estrogen
25
Which of the following is NOT a function of testosterone?
Regulate salt and water balance
26
What is the medical use of synthetic hormones in organ transplant patients?
Suppress the immune system
27
Which of the following conditions is treated with synthetic hormones?
Asthma
28
Why are synthetic hormones viewed negatively?
Often misused in sports
29
What is the primary source of steroid hormones in the body?
Cholesterol
30
Which is NOT a side effect of anabolic steroids in men?
Increased reproductive ability
31
What is shed during menstruation?
Uterine lining
32
How long does a typical period last?
3-7 days
33
What happens during the luteal phase if pregnancy does NOT occur?
Progesterone levels drop
34
What is the main function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
Prepares uterine lining for pregnancy
35
What is the role of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?
Release the egg
36
What can cause irregular periods?
Menstrual phase
37
Which phase involves the shedding of the uterine lining?
Stimulate the growth of ovarian follicles
38
What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?
Nourishes the developing fetus, helps expel waste products from the fetus, and provides oxygen to the fetus
39
Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining pregnancy?
Progesterone
40
What happens during fertilization in the human reproductive process?
Sperm penetrates the egg’s follicle layer, and the egg prevents other sperm from entering by releasing calcium
41
How does insulin affect blood sugar levels?
Insulin lowers blood sugar by helping cells take in glucose
42
What is the role of glucagon in blood sugar regulation?
Glucagon raises blood sugar by breaking down stored glycogen into glucose
43
Which of the following statements is true about the ways the endocrine system controls and sends messages?
The endocrine system uses hormones to control and send messages
44
What part of the endocrine system is insulin and glucagon produced in?
Pancreas
45
What are the two specialized cells in Islets of Langerhan?
Alpha and Beta cells
46
Who discovered insulin as a treatment for diabetes?
Frederick Banting
47
What type of diabetes is known as the independent-insulin diabetes?
Type 2
48
Where is excess glucose stored in the body?
Liver
49
Which of these statements describes Hyperglycemia?
Hyperglycemia is when there is a high amount of sugar in the blood.
50
Which of the following best describes the adrenal cortex?
It surrounds the adrenal medulla and is divided into three zones, each producing specific hormones.
51
What is the primary function of epinephrine during a stress response?
Increase glucose availability and enhance oxygen delivery to muscles.
52
Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its function or location of production?
Cortisol - regulates short-term stress, produced in the zona fasciculata.
53
A patient with low potassium levels and high blood pressure may be diagnosed with which adrenal disorder?
Hyperaldosteronism
54
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Cushing Syndrome compared to Addision’s Disease?
Excess cortisol production versus insufficient adrenal hormone production.
55
What is Melatonin made out of?
Pinealocytes from tryptophan
56
What part of the body controls the signals that attribute how much melatonin is produced?
Retinas
57
What is the correct order of the pathway neural signals make to get to the Pineal Gland?
Retinas, SCN, PVN, SCG, Pineal Gland
58
What is one way the adrenal hormones and pineal gland are connected?
Adrenal hormone norepinephrine triggers pinealocytes to start the production of melatonin
59
How is the pineal gland being used in the treatment of various headaches?
Melatonin is added to increase suppressed levels when headache is in an active state
60
Which of the following is a real difference between the function of the posterior and anterior pituitary glands?
The Posterior gland stores and releases hormones whereas the Anterior gland also synthesizes
61
Which of the following statements is True:
A. The anterior pituitary gland gets hormones from the hypothalamus
B. The posterior pituitary gland synthesizes its own hormones
C. The anterior pituitary gland only synthesizes 2 hormones
D. The posterior pituitary gland gets hormones from the hypothalamus
The posterior pituitary gland gets hormones from the hypothalamus
62
What circumstance leads to Central diabetes insipidus?
Hyposecretion of ADH
63
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary gland?
Nerve impulses
64
Where are the hormones ADH and Oxytocin synthesized
Posterior pituitary glands
65
What is not responsible for disorders in the posterior pituitary gland?
Heart attack
66
How many hormones are released in total from both lobes of the pituitary gland?
9
67
Which of the aforementioned functions are hormones from the posterior pituitary gland not responsible for?
Digestive functions
68
What does Oxytocin do?
Causes uterus to go through contractions, causes breast milk production
69
What would a Hypersecretion of ADH cause?
Water concentrated blood
70
What hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
71
Where are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland produced?
In the hypothalamus
72
How are the hormones transported to the posterior pituitary gland?
Through nerve cells from the hypothalamus
73
What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do in the body?
Stimulates the absorption of water from the urine in the kidneys
74
When is ADH released from the posterior pituitary gland?
When the body is dehydrated or after consuming a salty meal
75
What effect do ethanol and caffeine have on ADH secretion?
They inhibit ADH secretion
76
What role does ADH play when there is severe blood loss or a drop in blood pressure?
It helps maintain blood pressure by reducing water loss and constricting blood vessels
77
What function does oxytocin serve in breastfeeding?
It stimulates the release of milk from the mammary glands
78
How does the release of oxytocin during breastfeeding work?
Oxytocin causes smooth muscle contractions around the mammary glands to expel milk
79
What additional role does oxytocin play in males?
It is secreted into seminal fluid and stimulates uterine contractions during ejaculation
80
What is the thyroid?
It is a small, butterfly-shaped endocrine gland at the front of the neck.
81
Which sentence is correct?
a. Thyroid glands are controlled by the hypothalamus pituitary system. Hypothalamus stimulates the
pituitary gland, which, in turn, controls other endocrine glands.
b. The hypothalamus is the region of the brain controlled by the pituitary gland.
c. Thyroid glands are stimulated just by the hypothalamus.
d. Thyroid hormones are balanced by positive feedback loops.
Thyroid glands are controlled by the hypothalamus pituitary system. Hypothalamus stimulates the
pituitary gland, which, in turn, controls other endocrine glands.
82
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are…
Hormones produced by thyroid in most cells and are essential for body growth, increasing the
metabolic rate.
83
Calcitonin is a hormone used to regulate the amount of calcium in your blood, in fact:
This hormone lowers the level of Ca2+ in the blood when calcium levels in the blood rise above the
normal range.
84
The thyroid hormone, thyroxine, is known as T4 because it contains four iodine atoms. What
happens in absence of this element?
The body is not able to produce thyroxine, and it overstimulates thyroid resulting in goiter condition.
85
How are the concentration of thyroid hormones kept at balanced levels in the blood?
When levels of T3 and T4 decrease below normal, the hypothalamus releases thyroid regulating
hormones, which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce thyroid stimulating hormone that
stimulate thyroid to produce more T3 and T4 hormones.
86
Which of the following sentences is false?
a. Parathyroid glands are pea-sized endocrine glands that are embedded in the back of thyroid.
b. Parathyroid glands produce and release only PTH, parathyroid hormones.
c. Parathyroid hormones are responsible for controlling blood calcium levels and are released in bones,
kidneys and intestines.
d. Parathyroid hormones are responsible for controlling blood calcium levels only in bones.
Parathyroid hormones are responsible for controlling blood calcium levels only in bones.
87
How do parathyroid hormones (PTH) control the Ca2+ level in the blood?
PTH are released by parathyroid glands to raise the level of Ca2+ in the blood to set point,
stimulating the release of calcium from the bone and increasing Ca2+ uptake in kidneys and
intestines.
88
What happens in the case of lack of calcium in the blood?
The lack of calcium results in the loss of so much calcium from the bones that they become thin and
fragile. This condition is known as osteoporosis.
89
Complete the following chart
A: Hypothalamus, B: Thyroid gland, C: TRH,
D: Pituitary gland, E: TSH, F: T3, G: T4, H:
Calcitonin
90
What doesn’t the thyroid (not including the parathyroid) release?
PTH
91
The thyroid and parathyroid balance the concentration of which element in the blood?
Calcium
92
After the parathyroid releases PTH, which of the following doesn’t act
Hypothalamus
93
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine contribute to cellular respiration by making sure they intaking enough _______
oxygen
94
What doesn’t happen when PTH is underproduced
A goiter develops
95
When there is a lack of iodine, what forms as a result
goiter
96
What is the order of glands used to secrete thyroid hormones?
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid
97
In what order are hormones released to regulate high blood calcium concentration
TRH, TSH, Calcitonin
98
Which hormone does the Anterior Pituitary Gland NOT produce?
Oxytocin
99
What is the function of Gonadtrophins
regulate secretion of sex hormones
100
What is the function of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone?
stimulates secretion of glucoids
101
What is the condition called that overproduces prolactin?
prolactinoma
102
What is the condition called that overproduces growth hormones?
acromegaly
103
How many hormones does the Anterior Pituitary Gland secrete?
6
104
What does Prolactin do?
Milk production and breast development
105
What does Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) do?
promotes darkening of skin
106
What is the Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland most important for?
Maintaining homeostasis
107
What are the Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands attached by?
Stalk of nerves and blood vessels
108
Which hormone does the Pituitary gland NOT create?
GnRH
109
Which of the following is a symptom for Kallman Syndrome
unable to go through puberty
110
What is Empty Sella Syndrome (ESS)
shrunken of flat pituitary gland
111
Without the Hypothalamus and Pituitary…
The body can't achieve homeostasis
112
Infertility and milky discharge from the nipples is a symptom of
Hyperprolactinemia
113
What will your body do when you have a fever to maintain homeostasis
Get very hot to kill off the virus
114
Where is the hypothalamus located
in between the two cerebral hemispheres and directly above the pituitary gland
115
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?
Acting as the connection between the endocrine and nervous systems
116
Which hormone is NOT synthesized by the hypothalamus?
Growth hormone (GH)
117
What is the primary function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
Managing the body's day and night cycle
118
What is the main difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?
The anterior releases most hormones; the posterior stores and releases hormones
119
Which of the following is NOT a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin
120
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys
121
Which hormone plays a key role in milk ejection during breastfeeding?
oxytocin
122
Which of the following best describes the chain of command in the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus → Pituitary → Glands → Organs
123
What is an example of a hormone that the pituitary gland releases to stimulate other glands?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
