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ANSC 3080 - Animal Physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

maintenance of constant internal environment, coordinated responses of organs/systems that automatically compensate for environmental changes

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2
Q

What nervous system does homeostasis involve?

A

Autonomic nervous system (reflexes)

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3
Q

What type of body regulator are mammals and birds?

A

homeotherms, low and high temperatures not tolerated

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4
Q

What is the function of the core body temperature?

A

protects vital organs

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5
Q

What is the core body temperature influenced by?

A

environment, exercise and metabolism

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6
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

A

Ambient temperature at which no adjustment is needed, no additional energy is required to maintain body temeprature

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7
Q

TNZ

A

Thermoneutral zone

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8
Q

What are upper and lower critical temperatures?

A

Lower (cold) and upper (hot) critical temperatures are the temperatures at which once past TNZ, animals will need to use energy to maintain homeothermic condition

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9
Q

What is hyperthermia? What are implications of it?

A

Heat stress, cells cannot functions as the enzymes and proteins become denatured, can result in death

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10
Q

What is hypothermia? What are the implications of it?

A

cold stress, cells can survive freezing but blood circulation and respiration will fail, can result in death

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11
Q

Where does energy come from in mammals and birds?

A

heat comes mainly from body production = endothermic

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12
Q

What are the three sources of heat production in mammals and birds?

A

metabolism, growth/production and exercise (80%)

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13
Q

What are the four physical processes that are used when heat is being transported by the blood?

A
  1. radiation
  2. conduction
  3. convection
  4. evaporation/condensation
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14
Q

What are two ways that extra-heat is produced by the body?

A
  1. Muscle activity - shivering
  2. non-shivering thermogenesis - increase in metabolism
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15
Q

What is a special characteristic of shivering?

A

100% of the energy produced through shivering goes into heat production

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16
Q

How does the body prepare to increase metabolism to produce heat?

A
  • sympathetic NS secretes catecholamines (adrenalin) which increases metabolism
  • And thyroid hormones are released which increase metabolism
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17
Q

How is extra heat lost?

A

Metabolic heat removed fromt he core by the blood through the skin

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18
Q

What is the relationship between the skin and blood flow?

A

Insulation property of the skin inversely proportional to the blood flow

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19
Q

What aspect of the integument impact low heat loss vs high heat loss through blood vessel heat transfer?

A

Amount of hair/plumage

20
Q

What 3 methods of heat transfer are gradient laws? (from high to low)

A

Radiation, conduction and convection

21
Q

What is radiation?

A

electromagnetic radiation is emitted and absorbed relative to the surface and temperature of the object/animal

22
Q

What is conduction?

A

transfer through contact; depends on the conductivity

23
Q

What is convection?

A

transfer via moving air or water

24
Q

Which heat transfer method requires energy?

A

evaporation requires energy to break water molecules apart, however this is very efficient

25
Q

How does evaporation occur in animals for body heat loss?

A

Through skin and airways
- passive evaporation: normal water loss
- sweating: active process under sympathetic nervous system (loss in ions)
- panting: rapid shallow breathing
- bathing: water absorb energy before evaporating

26
Q

Can all the heat transfer processes occur simultaneously?

A

Yes

27
Q

What is the integration center of thermoregulation in the nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

28
Q

What are the four components of an automatic reflex whereby thermoregulation occurs?

A
  • Thermoreceptors - nerve cells
  • Integration center - hypothalamus
  • effectors
    • neurons connected to muscles for shivering
    • sympathetic nervous system for blood flow, sweat gland and metabolism
    • hormones - pituitary
  • voluntary component - behaviour change
29
Q

What are the three steps to heat response?

A
  1. Heat receptors: in skin/body core
  2. Hypothalamus: anterior part is activation of heat-loss center
  3. effectors
    - vasoconstriction fibers slow down resulting in vasodilation
    - evaporative heat loss (sweating/panting)
    - reduction of physical activity
    - behavioural response
30
Q

How is information transferred in heat receptors?

A

warm sensory fibers

31
Q

Draw the response to heat diagram

A

refer to slide

32
Q

What does sensitivity to heat in animals depend on?

A

animal and the external conditions

33
Q

What animal has a hard time regulation body temperature?

A

Pigs: little sweat, small mouth

34
Q

What do birds have that allows them to ventilate?

A

air sacs

35
Q

What are the three steps to cold response?

A
  1. cold receptors: in skin/body core, much more numerous than warm fibers
  2. hypothalamus: posterior is the activation of heat-producing center
  3. effectors
    - reduction in heat loss: vasoconstriction fibers fire, reduces heat loss through vesicular transfer, pili muscles contract
    - production of heat: muscular contraction (shivering) by somatic motor system, sympathetic hormonal activity increases which increases metabolism
36
Q

Which type of fat do hormones increase in during heat production?

A

brown fat

37
Q

Draw the increase in heat production diagram

A

refer to slides

38
Q

What are two adaptation mechanisms to heat?

A
  1. prolonged exposure to heat - lots of sweat, increase in aldosterone stimualtes reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- from sweat glands
  2. shedding
39
Q

What are two adaptation mechanisms to cold?

A
  1. changes of fur coat, increase in insulation properties or subcutaneous fat
  2. hibernation: voluntary decrease in core body temperature, followed by rapid raise
40
Q

How does a fever occur?

A

by resetting hypothalamic thermostat to higher temperature

41
Q

What is a fever caused by?

A

pyrogens released during infection and tissue damage

42
Q

How does hyperthermia occur?

A

temperature exceeds the regulating capability, heat production exceeds heat loss, through exposure to high temperatures

43
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthermia?

A

convulsions, nausea, loss of consciousness, death

44
Q

How does hypothermia occur?

A

Heat loss exceeds heat production capability

45
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothermia?

A

Slow nervous activity, muscular failure (cardiac pulmonary), death

46
Q

When is hypothermia critical in the life stage?

A

newborns

ANSC 3080 - Animal Physiology (5 decks)

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