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ISCM > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

It is the ability of a system or living organism to adjust it’s internal environment to mantain a stable equilibrium

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2
Q

What is the purpose of homeostasis?

A

To provide an optimal fluid environment for cellular function

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3
Q

What is meant by extrinsic homeostatic control?

A

The control system is outside the tissue being controlled (e.g. brain controlling the homestaiss of a different organ tissue)

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4
Q

What is meant by intrinsic homeostatic control?

A

The regulation occurs from within the system being regulated (autoregullation)

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5
Q

What is meant by intracellular homeostatic control?

A

The regulation of homeostais in a cell by the cell itself

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6
Q

What can occur if homeostasis is not maintaned?

A

If homeostasis is not mainted and conditions within the cell fall outside their normal ranges, it can lead to protein denaturation, which is a threat to the life of the cell

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7
Q

What does damage in blood vessels from high glucose levels can lead to? (name 3)

A

Artherosclerosis, kidney disease, retinopathy

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8
Q

What is the normal ICF Na+ concentration?

A

15mM

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9
Q

Where is Na+ concentration high and K+ concentration low?

A

ECF

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10
Q

What is the normal interstitial fluid Na+ concentration?

A

145mM

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11
Q

What is the normal plasma a+ concentration?

A

142 mM

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12
Q

Reference value of arterial pH

A

7.35 to 7.45

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13
Q

Reference value of Glucose

A

75 -110mg/ 100ml – 4.4 -5.0mmol/L

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14
Q

Reference value of Na+

A

135 - 145 mEq/L

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15
Q

Reference value of Bicarbonate

A

24 - 28 mEq/L

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16
Q

Reference value of K+ serum

A

3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L

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17
Q

WHat are the steps of the feedback loop?

A

Stimulus –> Receptor –> Coordinator –> Effector –> Response

18
Q

What is the name of the receptor that monitors pressure?

A

Barorecpetors

19
Q

What do chemorecpetors monitor?

A

CHemical substances: e.g.oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH in carotid arteries, etc

20
Q

What receptors monitor osmosis?

A

Osmoreceptors

21
Q

What receptors monitor temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

22
Q

Which is more common in the body: negative feedback or positive feedback?

A

Negative feedback

23
Q

Give one example of positive feedback

A

Lactation (secretion of milk)

24
Q

Give two examples of negative feedback

A

Temperature regulation and Glucose regulation

25
Q

What is meant by “anticipation”?

A

It is a predictive response. The reponse is activated before any changes, the body predicts those changes will occur

26
Q

What are 4 types of adaptation responses?

A

Genetic adaptation (inherited reponse), Accomodation, Acclimation, Acclimatisation (all three are acquired reponses)

27
Q

What is accomodation?

A

Immediate physiological change in sensitivity of cells to changes in extrenal environment

28
Q

What is acclimation?

A

Long term physiological changes in response to exposure to artificial or simulated changes in environment

29
Q

What is acclimatisation?

A

Long term physiological changes in response to exposure to natural changes in environment

30
Q

What are two benefits of having a fever?

A

The high temperature kiils pathogens and enhances phagocytosis

31
Q

List the steps of what happens during an infection that lead a fever to develop

A

bacteria enters the body –> causes bone marrow to produce more macrophages –> macrophages secrete endogenous pyrogens (educados piratas) –> secreted into the bloodstream –> cause the hypothalamic set point (the temp at which the hypothalamus regulates the body temp) to increase –> feedback mechanisms loops start in the body –> body temperature increases –> temperature rises above normal –> fever

32
Q

Older adults may sometimes not show fevers, what are 4 symptoms they may show of an infection?

A

Feeling hot/cold, vivid dreams, hallucinations and hedaches

33
Q

True or false: Children showcase higher temperatures than adults for relatively minor infections

A

True

34
Q

What is a reason some people feel comfortable in temperatures that are too cold for those around them?

A

Their temperature set point might be naturally lower

35
Q

What is an effector?

A

Any organ or tissue that receives information from the integrating centre and acts to bring about the changes needed for homestasis to be maintained

36
Q

Name two diseases that result from homestatic imbalance

A

Diabetes and heart failure

37
Q

True or false: Aging is a source of homeostatic imbalance as the control mechanisms of the feedback loops lose their efficiency, which can cause heart failure

A

True

38
Q

What region of the brain controls temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, satiety and circadian rythms?

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

What is meant by sensitivity in homeostasis, give one example.

A

More than one stimulus can sensitize the loop. Low Po2 and high PCO2 both trigger increased ventilation however the response when both occur together is greater than the sum of when they occur independently

40
Q

All homeostatic control mechanisms have at leats how many interdependent components for the variable being regulated?

A

At least three

ISCM (2 decks)

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