Homeostasis Flashcards
What is the definition of homeostasis
controlling the internal environment of the body at stable levels
What word is this the definition of: controlling the internal environment of the body at stable levels
homeostasis
What is negative feedback
a response to a stimulus that reduces the stimulus
what word is this the definition of: a response to a stimulus that reduces the stimulus
negative feedback
what are the two systems
Nervous system and Endocrine system
Is thermoregulation a nervous or chemical reaction?
nervous
is shivering a nervous or chemical reaction?
nervous
is diabetes a nervous or chemical reaction?
chemical
Is glucose a nervous or chemical reaction?
chemical
Is water a nervous or chemical reaction?
chemical
Which is not an example of homeostasis: heart rate, hydration, photosynthesis and blood flow
photosynthesis
What pathway is used when we respond to something in our environment?
nervous pathway
What is the stimulus for an eye?
light
What is the receptor for light
eye
what is the stimulus for ears
sound
what is the receptor for sound
ear
what is the stimulus for skin
pressure
what is the receptor for pressure
skin
what is the stimulus for the tongue
taste
what is the receptor for taste
tongue
what is the stimulus for the nose
smell
what is the receptor for smell
nose
What detects the stimulus
receptor
what is the next part used after a stimulus and receptor
sensory neurone
where does the sensory neurone enter
spinal nerve
what happens to the sensory neurone in the spinal nerve
it crosses a synapse to the relay neurone
what happens after crossing a synapse to the relay neaurone
it crosses a synapse to the motor neurone
where does the motor neurone leave
spinal nerve
what plate does the motor neurone move
motor end plate
What do dendrites look similar too
branches
does a neurone have a cytoplasm
yes
does a neurone have a nucleus
yes
does a neurone have chloroplasts
no
does a neurone have a cell membrane
yes
does a neurone have a cytoplasm, nucleus and cell membrane
yes
does a neurone have a nucleus, cytoplasm and chloroplasts
no
what structure has a myelin sheath
a neurone
what is a myelin sheath for
insulation
what does the myelin sheath contain within it
an axon
what is around the axon
myelin sheath
where is the nerve ending
the edge of the dendrites
What does a synapse convert an impulse into in order to travel across the gap
chemical
what is the chemical impulse converted into after crossing a synapse
electrical
why do synapses have mitochondria
synthesising proteins
where does the chemical impulse diffuse between (synapse)
neurones
what is an effector
an organ that does something in response to a stimulus
what word is this a definition of: an organ that does something in response to a stimulus
an effector
what are the two examples of an effector
muscles and glands
what are the things in neurones containing the chemicals for diffusion called
chemical transmitters
outline the key areas of a reflex arc
stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone - into spinal cord - relay neurone - motor neurone - out of spinal cord - motor end plate
state the role of the central nervous system
made up of the spinal chord and the brain
what word is this the definition of: made up of the spinal chord and the brain
central nervous system
state the role of a motor neurone
carries nerve impulses from the relay neurone to the effector organs
what word is this the definition of: carries nerve impulses from the relay neurone to the effector organs
motor neurone
state the role of a sensory neurone
carries nerve impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system
what word is the definition of: carries nerve impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system
sensory neurone
state the role of a receptor
cells are clustered together in sense organs such as eyes or skin
what word is the definition of: cells are clustered together in sense organs such as eyes or skin
receptor
state the role of stimulus
changes in the environment around you
what word is the definition for: changes in the environment around you
stimulus
state the role of an effector
organs which respond to impulses sent by the motor neurone
what word is the definition for: organs which respond to impulses sent by the motor neurone
effector
What is the risk in the reaction times experiment
injury from the falling ruler
what equipment is needed for the reaction times experiment
metre ruler - chair - table - partner
why should you repeat the reaction times experiment
so anomalies can be identified
What measure of time do we use for reaction times (e.g. s)
milliseconds
What is the endocrine system made up of
glands which all secrete hormones
which system is made up of glands that all secret hormones
endocrine system
define: secrete hormones
small chemical molecules spread around the body in the blood stream
what phrase is defined as: small chemical molecules spread around the body in the blood stream
secrete hormones
Which gland is attached to the brain
pituitary gland
what is the main role of the pituitary gland
to tell other glands to release their hormones
what glands main role is: to tell other glands to release their hormones
pituitary gland
which gland is found in the neck
Thyroid gland
what is the main function of the thyroid gland
when there are low thyroxine levels the pituitary gland tells it to release TSH
what glands main role is: when there are low thyroxine levels the pituitary gland tells it to release TSH
Thyroid gland
what is the regulating process of TSH levels called
negative feedback
what does TSH stand for
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Which gland is located above the kidneys
Adrenal glands
what is the main role of the Adrenal gland
producing adrenaline
which glands main role is producing adrenaline
Adrenal gland
what is the main role of the pancreas
producing insulin
which glands main role is producing insulin
pancreas
why does the pancreas release insulin
to regulate blood glucose concentration
why does the Adrenal gland produce adrenaline
flight or fight response
Which gender are the testes found in
Males
what is the main role of the testes
producing sperm
which gender are the ovaries found in
females
what is the main role of the ovaries
holding egg cells
Is the nervous or endocrine system faster
nervous
does the nervous or endocrine system rely on hormones
endocrine
does the nervous or endocrine system rely on electrical impulses
nervous
does the nervous or endocrine system’s effects last longer
endocrine
does the nervous or endocrine system act in one specific area
nervous
does the nervous or endocrine system act more generally
endocrine
what is the cerebral cortex concerned with
consciousness - intelligence - memory - language
where is the cerebral cortex located in the brain
the top of the brain
what is the cerebellum concerned with
coordinating muscular activity - balance
where is the cerebellum located in the brain
lower and a flower shape
what is the medulla concerned with
unconscious activities
where is the medulla located in the brain
lower brain and a stem chape
where is the cerebral cortex, medulla and cerebellum located
brain
How is it possible for brain research to be carries out on conscious patients
using MRI scans
why is it difficult to diagnose and treat brain disorders
it has a complex and delicate structure
why is surgery on the brain so dangerous
it is not fully understood
what does MRI stand for
magnetic resonance imaging
how is the brain protected
protective membranes (meninges) and a skull
how is electrical stimulation of the brain undertaken
stimulate areas after exposing the brain
how do scientists map different areas of the brain
matching changes in behaviour or memory in the damaged area
how are MRI scans used by doctors and scientists
they link loss of a function to a damaged area
what is are the benefits of studying people with brain damage
helped discover functions - help people
what are the risks of studying people with brain damage
waiting for brain damage - not accurate
what is a benefit of electrical stimulation of the brain
more targeted
what is a risk of electrical stimulation of the brain
kills your brain
what are the benefits of an MRI scan
map the brain - alive and awake people
what are the risks of an MRI scan
access - not cheap - difficult to use
define a lens
focuses light
which part of the eye focuses light
lens
define cornea
transparent area in the sclera - curved surface so the rays are focused on the retina
which part of the eye is a transparent area in the sclera with a curved surface so the rays are focused on the retina
cornea
define pupil
the hole in which light enters the eye
which part of the eye is the hole in which light enters the eye
pupil
define Iris
controls the size of the pupil - constricts and dialates to prevent damage
which aprt of the eye controls the size of the pupil and constricts or dialates to prevent damage
Iris
define cilliary muscle
holds the lense in place and can change the thickness of the lense
which part of the eye holds the lense in place and can change the thickness of the lense
cilliary muscle
define suspensory ligament (not that important)
a ligament that holds the lense in place
define retina
sends impulses to the brain so you see something
which part of the eye sends impulses to the brain so you see something
retina
define optic nerve
sends messages to the brain
which part of the eye sends messages to the brain
optic nerve
define sclera
white outer layer of the eye - tough and strong - eqious solution
which part of the eye is the white outer layer of the eye which is touch strong and an eqious solution
sclera
where is the blind spot in the eye
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
what do Rod cells in the eye show
light and dark
what do Cones cells in the eye show
colours
which cells in the eye show light and dark
Rod cells
which cells in the eyes show colours
cones cells
Is myopia short or long sighted
short sighted
Is hyperopia short or long sighted
long sighted
what does Myopia mean (see far away)
you can see close to you but not far away
what does hyperopia mean (see far away)
you can see far away to you but not close
what are the causes of Myopia
eyeballs to long - cornea is curved to sharply
what are the causes of hyperopia
eyeballs to short - lense not thick or curved enough - lense cant bend the light enough
which lense can fix myopia
diverging lense
which lense can fix Hyperopia
a converging lense
What happens when glucose levels are high
the pancreas releases insulin
what happens when the pancreas releases insulin
the liver stores glucose as glycogen
what happens when the lives stores glucose as glycogen
the blood sugar levels are lowered
What is a negative feedback loop
The bodys way if maintaining a steady state. The body does the opposite of the stimulus
Describe how the brain is informed of the image detected by the retina?
An impulse is detected in the receptor- of the retina - this is sent through the optic nerve - to form an image in the brain
