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Physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Process of maintaining a relatively constant/stable internal environment (set point) in spite of changing external environments.

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2
Q

What is homeostasis important for?

A

Cell function

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3
Q

What is the external environment?

A

Outside body

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4
Q

What is extracellular fluid? (ECF)

A

Internal environment; inside body, outside cells

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5
Q

What are the two components of ECF?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

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6
Q

What is plasma?

A

in blood vessels, but outside cells, fluid portion of blood

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7
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

outside blood vessels and cells

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8
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

intracellular Environment = inside cells; cytoplasm

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9
Q

Is homeostasis dynamic?

A

Yes, not static

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10
Q

What is dynamic constancy?

A

levels change over short periods of time, but remain relatively constant over long periods of time

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11
Q

How often do physiological variables change?

A

Physiological variables can change dramatically over a 24-hr. period, but the system is still in overall balance

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12
Q

What do we call it when homeostasis is maintained?

A

Physiology

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13
Q

What do we call it when homeostasis is NOT maintained?

A

Pathophysiology

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14
Q

What are examples of cellular homeostasis?

A

Function of each cell
Cytoplasm of single cell
Necessary for normal cell function
Relies on components of extracellular fluid

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15
Q

What are the two types of extracellular fluid?

A

Local and systemic

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16
Q

What is local extracellular fluid?

A

Restricted to one tissue space
Utilizes Paracrines and Autocrines
Maintain Function of Tissue

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17
Q

What is systemic extracellular fluid?

A

Involves entire body
Utilizes Nervous System and Endocrine system
Maintain Function of Heart and Brain

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18
Q

What is set point?

A

The level the body tries to maintain (for example 98.6 degrees)

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19
Q

What is considered external environment?

A

GI Tract, lungs, urinary tract (post vascular system, once filtered into kidney)

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20
Q

What do homeostatic processes do following a disturbance?

A

Restore balance

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21
Q

What does steady state require?

A

Energy input; ex. Na gradient across cell membrane

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22
Q

Is equilibrium equivalent with homeostasis?

A

NO

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23
Q

What are the levels of homeostasis?

A

Cellular homeostasis and extracellular fluid

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24
Q

What is does the level of extracellular fluid consist of?

A

Environment outside of the cell
Necessary for normal cell function
Two types: Local vs. Systemic

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25
Q

What does local homeostasis utilize?

A

Paracrines and autocrines

26
Q

What does systemic homeostasis utilize?

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

27
Q

What do autocrines do?

A

Autocrine substance acts on same cell that secreted the substance

28
Q

What do paracrines do?

A

Target cells in close proximity to site of release of paracrine substance

29
Q

What do nerve cells do?

A

Neuron of effector cell in close proximity to site of neurotransmitter release

30
Q

What do endocrines (hormones) do?

A

Target cells in one of more distant places in the body

31
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

First domino, could be a change in ECF Composition, Body Temperature, BP, etc.

32
Q

What is the stimulus flow for a systemic process?

A

Stimulus to Reflex Receptor to Afferent Pathway to Integrating Center to Efferent Pathway to Effector to Effector Response (Possible feedback regulation)

33
Q

What is the reflex receptor?

A

Detects changes in [substance]
Has threshold stimulus

34
Q

What is threshold stimulus?

A

(Sensitivity) - Determines amplitude of the normal range

35
Q

What happens if the threshold stimulus is high?

A

Takes more stimulus to signal the reflex receptor

36
Q

What can be a reflex receptor?

A

Cluster of cells, individual cells, cell parts or molecules in membrane or cytoplasm of cell

37
Q

What does reflex receptor determine?

A

Normal range (more sensitive= narrow range; less sensitive= wider range)

38
Q

What is the afferent pathway?

A

Carries information from Reflex Receptors to Integrating Center
NS reflexes ONLY
Sensory neurons

39
Q

Where do we not have an afferent pathway?

A

Endocrine system

40
Q

What is the integrating center?

A

Receives stimulus, analyzes information and generates appropriate response
ES = Endocrine Gland
NS = Brain/Spinal Cord

41
Q

What is the integrating center in the endocrine system?

A

Endocrine gland

42
Q

What is the integrating center in the nervous system?

A

Brain/spinal cord

43
Q

What is the efferent pathway?

A

Carries commands from integrating center to effectors
ES = Hormones (travel via blood)
NS = Motor neurons

44
Q

What is the efferent pathway in the endocrine system?

A

Hormones; travel via blood

45
Q

What is the efferent pathway in the nervous system?

A

Motor neurons

46
Q

What is the effector?

A

Any cell affected by Efferent Pathway (change in function)

47
Q

What are the two levels of the effector response?

A

Local and systemic effector response

48
Q

What is the local effector response?

A

how cell (effector) function is changed by the Efferent Pathway (ex. GLUT4 receptors to surface of cells)

49
Q

What is the systemic effector response?

A

how ECF (whole body) changed by local effector response (ex. fall of blood glucose levels)

50
Q

T/F: Different Efferent Pathways can create the same systemic effector response while having different local effector responses

A

T

51
Q

What is feedback regulation?

A

How Systemic Effector Response changes the function of the Reflex Receptor

52
Q

What are the two types of feedback regulation?

A

Negative and positive

53
Q

What is a negative feedback response?

A

Decreases activity shutting off pathway (homeostatic; most common)
Keeps variable fluctuating around the setpoint

54
Q

What is positive feedback response?

A

Increases activity further activating pathway (non-homeostatic)

55
Q

Which feedback response is homeostatic?

A

Negative; NOT positive

56
Q

What is the tonic level of activity?

A

At rest, a homeostatic pathway is neither completely shut off or fully active

57
Q

What does tonic control regulate?

A

Physiological parameters in an up-down fashion

58
Q

Are homeostatic pathways either on or off?

A

No, usually always some level of activity

59
Q

What is antagonistic control?

A

a single systemic effector response is controlled by two different efferent pathways but in opposite directions.

60
Q

What is a mechanistic explanation?

A

Describes how something happens

61
Q

What is a telological explanation?

A

Describes why something happens

62
Q
A

Physiology (6 decks)

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