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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of homeostatic balance?

A

-Fluid Balance
-Acid Base Balance
-Electrolyte Balance

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2
Q

What are the two types of fluid?

A

-Intracellular fluid
-Extracellular fluid

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3
Q

How many liters and what percentage of your body’s weight does intracellular fluid make up?

A

-25 L
-40%

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4
Q

What two types of fluid comprise Extracellular fluid?

A

-Interstitial fluid
-Plasma

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5
Q

How many liters do interstitial fluid and plasma individually comprise and what percentage of your body’s weight do they sum to?

A

20% of your bodies weight
Interstitial Fluid
-12 L
-80% of ECF
Plasma
-3L
-20% of ECF

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6
Q

What is the relationship between fluid in and fluid out?

A

In take matches losses
-2,500 mL/day In = 2,500 mL/day out

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7
Q

What is the breakdown of how fluid enters the body?

A

-Metabolic water = 200mL
-Food = 700 mL
-Drink = 1,600 mL

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8
Q

What is the breakdown of how fluid leaves the body?

A

-Feces = 200 mL
-Expired Air = 300 mL
-Cutaneous transpiration = 400 mL
-Sweat = 100 mL
-Urine = 1,500 mL

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9
Q

What would occur if you were so overhydrated you had no ADH?

A

-Dec. in osmolality of ECF
Leads to
-Dec. of ADH released from posterior pituitary
Leads to
-Dec. in # of aquaporins in collecting duct
Leads to
-Dec. in H2O reabsorption from collecting duct
Leads to
-Large volume of dilute in urine

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10
Q

What would occur if you were so dehydrated we had maximal ADH?

A

-Inc. in the osmolality of ECF
Leads to
-Inc. in ADH released from posterior pituitary
Leads to
-Inc. in # of aquaporins in collecting duct
Leads to
-Inc. H2O reabsorption from collecting duct
Leads to
-Small volume of concentrated urine.

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11
Q

What does alcohol inhibit?

A

ADH

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12
Q

What does caffeine inhibit?

A

Aldosterone

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13
Q

What hormone would be secreted if someone had hypertonic dehydration and why?

A

Since hypertonic dehydration is caused by a loss of just H2O, just ADH is released.

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14
Q

What hormone would be secreted is someone had isotonic dehydration and why?

A

Since isotonic dehydration is caused by the loss of H2O and solutes, both ADH and aldosterone will be released.

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15
Q

What is a potential cause for hypertonic dehydration?

A

profuse sweating

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16
Q

What is a potential cause of isotonic dehydration?

A

hemorrhage

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17
Q

What is dehydration caused by?

A

Negative water balance

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18
Q

Define hypovolemia

A

volume depletion

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19
Q

Is hypotonic hydration common or uncommon and why?

A

It is uncommon because of the filtration done by the kidneys.

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20
Q

What is a potential consequence of hypotonic hydration?

A

edema

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21
Q

What is hypotonic hydration?

A

Excess water and normal sodium

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22
Q

What is the osmolarity for hypovolemia and volume excess?

A

Both isotonic, so normal

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23
Q

What is the osmolarity of hypertonic dehydration?

A

Hypertonic, so elevated

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24
Q

What is the osmolarity of hypotonic dehydration?

A

hypotonic, so reduced

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25
Q

What is the primary regulator of sodium?

A

Aldosterone

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26
Q

What hormones affect Na+ concentrations?

A

ADH, ANP, Aldosterone, and other hormones

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27
Q

Are Na+ imbalances common or not common?

A

No common because increases or decreases in Na+ are accompanied by proportional changes in H2O

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28
Q

What does hypernatremia cause?

A

-Water retention
-Hypertension
-Edema

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29
Q

How much sodium should be in the perfect diet and how much is in the typical diet?

A

Perfect diet = .5 g/day
Usual = 3-7 g/day

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30
Q

What is the relationship between the electrolyte balance of Na+ and K+?

A

-More Na+ in ECF
-More K+ in ICF
-Basis for membrane potentiality

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31
Q

What is the principal extracellular cation?

A

Na+

32
Q

What is the principal intracellular cation?

A

Potassium

33
Q

What is the most important electrolyte for water balance?

A

Na+

34
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

35
Q

What does hyperkalemia cause?

A

Increase in RMP

36
Q

What does hypokalemia cause?

A

hyperpolarizes cells?

37
Q

What are the functions of Na+?

A

-RMP
-AP
-Na+/K+ pump

38
Q

What are the functions of K+?

A

-RMP
-AP
-Na+/K+ pump
-Most important electrolyte in cell volume
-Protein synthesis

39
Q

What is the normal amount of K+ to secrete?

A

about 10% but DCT and CD can alter secretion based on levels

40
Q

What is the most dangerous electrolyte imbalance?

A

K+

41
Q

What are the functions of Ca2+?

A

-Bones
-Muscle Contraction
Second Messenger Systems
-Blood Clotting

42
Q

What keeps calcium in homeostasis?

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

43
Q

What does hypercalcemia cause?

A

It inhibits depolarization so it causes muscle weakness, depressed reflexes, and cardiac arrhythmia.

44
Q

What does hypocalcemia cause?

A

Overly excitable nervous and muscle tissue; can lead to tetany - laryngospasm.

45
Q

What are the functions of phosphates?

A

-Concentrated in the ICF
-ATP
-Nucleic Acids
-Phospholipids

46
Q

What happens when you have low levels of phosphates?

A

Low levels cause kidneys to reabsorb all of the phosphates

47
Q

What happens when you have to many phosphates?

A

Parathyroid hormone indirectly cause excretion of excess phosphates.

48
Q

What are the functions of Cl-?

A

-HCl
-Abundant ECF anion
-Chloride Shift

49
Q

What causes hyperchloremia?

A

Excess dietary intake or IV saline

50
Q

What is Cl- homeostasis linked to?

A

Cation homeostasis (Na+, K+, Ca2+

51
Q

What causes hypochloremia?

A

usually linked to hyponatremia

52
Q

What is the Ph of a solution determined by?

A

Determined solely by its hydrogen ions (H+)

53
Q

What is an acid (for the purposes of this class)?

A

Any chemical that releases H+ in solution

54
Q

What is a base (for the purposes of this class)?

A

Any chemical that accepts H+

55
Q

What is one of the most important aspects of homeostasis?

A

Enzymes are sensitive to pH so any slight deviation from the normal pH can shut down entire metabolic pathways and alter the structure & therefore function of macromolecules.

56
Q

What are the three chemical buffer systems to resist pH change?

A

-Bicarbonate
-Phosphate
-Protein

57
Q

What are the two physiological buffer systems to resist pH change?

A

-Renal
-Respiratory

58
Q

How is the bicarbonate buffer system used to lower pH?

A

Lungs conserve CO2 and kidneys secrete HCO3

59
Q

How is the bicarbonate buffer system used to raise pH?

A

Kidneys excrete H+ and lungs secrete CO2

60
Q

What is the equation for the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> HCO3- + H+

61
Q

What does hyporventilating cause in the respiratory control of pH?

A

Lowers pH by releasing H+

62
Q

What does hyperventilating cause in the respiratory control of pH?

A

Raises pH by binding H+

63
Q

Does respiratory control of pH or do the chemical buffers neutralize more acid?

A

The respiratory control of pH neutralizes two or three times as much acid as chemical buffers.

64
Q

What is the chemical formula for the phosphate buffer system?

A

HPO4 <>HPO4 + H+

65
Q

What is an important buffer for the ICF and renal tubules?

A

The phosphate buffer system because phosphates are more concentrates and function closer to their optimum pH of 6.8.

66
Q

What is the main buffer in the ICF?

A

The protein buffer system is responsible for 75% of all chemical buffering.

67
Q

What are the two protein groups that give proteins there robust buffering abilities and why?

A

Carboxyl
-COOH
-Side groups release H+ when pH rises
Amino
-NH2
-Bind H+ when pH gets too low

68
Q

What is the relationship between bi carb and the kidneys?

A

The kidneys secrete, reabsorb, and generate new HCO3.

69
Q

What system can neutralize more acid or base than either the respiratory system or chemical buffers?

A

The Renal control of pH because the renal tubules secrete H+ in the tubular fluid and bound and free H+ are excreted in the urine giving the renal control of pH the only way for H+ ions to be expelled form the body.

70
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A

-Hypoventilation, apnea, or respiratory arrest
-Asthma
-Emphysema
-Cystic Fibrosis
-Chronic Bronchitis
-Narcotic overdose

71
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

-Excess production of organic acids as in diabetes mellitus and starvation
-Long-term anaerobic fermentation
-Hyperkalemia
-Chronic Diarrhea
-Excessive alcohol consumption
-drugs such as aspirin and laxatives

72
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

-Hyperventilation due to pain or emotions such as anxiety
-Oxygen deficiency (as at high elevation)

73
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

-Rare but can result from chronic vomiting
-Overuse of bicarbonate (antacids)
-Aldosterone hypersecretion?

74
Q

What happens if your blood pH falls below 6.8?

A

Your CNS is depressed which leads to coma and death

75
Q

What happens if your blood pH rises above 7.8?

A

CNS is overexcited which leads to tetany and death

76
Q

Why do we need more bicarb that carbonic acid?

A

Since most metabolic functions produce acid as a by-product, in order to maintain homeostatic conditions we require a surplus of bases and a very small amount of acids.

Human Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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