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Human Biology Year 12 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintains constant internal environment

Necessary because enzymes need specific pH levels, temperatures and ion concentrations to work

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2
Q

Homeostatic Processes

A

Involve nerves and hormones
Keeps internal environment within tolerance limits
Control metabolism, and physiological and behavioural activities.

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3
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers
Released from endocrine glands into blood plasma
Affect target organs

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4
Q

Positive Feedback

A

amplifies/reinforces original stimulus to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

Negative Feedback

A

reduces effect or eliminates original stimulus in order to maintain homeostasis

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6
Q

Negative Feedback Cycle

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Modulator
  4. Effector
  5. Response
  6. Feedback
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7
Q

Stimulus

A

Change to stable state

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8
Q

Receptor

A

Detects change

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9
Q

Modulator

A

Processes information and stimulates response

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10
Q

Effector

A

Effect of stimulus is counteracted

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11
Q

Response

A

Action of the Effector

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12
Q

Feedback

A

Steady state has been restored

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13
Q

Glycogenesis

A

The production of glycogen, mostly from glucose

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14
Q

Glycogen

A

Long strings of glucose molecules

Stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

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15
Q

Insulin

A

Pancreatic hormone
Stimulates glycogenesis
Decreases blood sugar levels
Secreted by beta cells

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16
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Break down of stored glycogen into glucose

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17
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreatic hormone
Stimulates glycogenolysis
Increases blood sugar levels
Secreted by alpha cells

18
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Clusters of hormone-secreting cells within the pancreas

Two types of cells: alpha and beta

19
Q

Alpha Cells

A

Type of cell in the Islets of Langerhans

Secrete glucagon

20
Q

Beta Cells

A

Type of cell in the Islets of Langerhans

Secrete insulin

21
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Fat storing tissue

22
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Process of creating glucose from substances other than stored glycogen, e.g., proteins

23
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Outer part of the adrenal glands

24
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Inner part of the adrenal glands

25
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Hormones secreted by adrenal cortex
Includes cortisol
Stimulate glycogenolysis
Increase the rate at which amino acids are brought to the liver for gluconeogenesis

26
Q

Adrenaline

A

Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla
Increases blood sugar levels
Counteracts effects of insulin
Stimulates lactic acid production, which can then be converted into glucose

27
Q

Blood Sugar Homeostasis

A

Contribution of the liver, adrenal glands and pancreas to keep blood glucose levels between 4 & 6 mmol/L

28
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Located in medulla oblongata (in brain)
Monitor blood sugar levels
Send messages to hypothalamus

29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located at the base of the brain
Connected to pituitary glands by infundibulum
Contains two kinds of nerve cells, one set for the APG and the other for the PPG
Sends hormones to PPG to be secreted
Sends releasing/inhibiting factors to APG

30
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

Pituitary gland in front
Secretes hormones, regulated by factors sent by hypothalamus
Connected to hypothalamus by blood vessels

31
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Gland behind
Secretes hormones sent to it
Does not create it’s own hormones
Connected to hypothalamus by nerves

32
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Deep in brain
Secretes melatonin
Decreases in size after puberty
Stimulated by darkness

33
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

Released by APG

Stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

34
Q

Lipid-soluble Hormones

A

Steroid hormones
Slow acting, long lasting
Diffuse directly into cell
Bind to receptor protein, forming hormone-receptor protein complex
Complex binds to genes that code for specific proteins
Either inhibits or increases protein synthesis

35
Q

Water-soluble Hormones

A

Peptide/amine hormones
Fast acting, don’t last long
Cannot cross cell membrane
Bind to receptor protein in cell membrane
Activates secondary messenger, which diffuses throughout the cell
Secondary messengers activate specific enzymes

36
Q

Lipid Soluble Hormones to Know

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Known as corticosteroids

37
Q

Infundibulum

A

Stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

38
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

Stimulates diaphragm

39
Q

Intercostal Nerve

A

Stimulates intercostal muscles

40
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Enzymes used to cut sections of DNA

Specific to recognition sites

41
Q

Sticky ends vs blunt ends

A

Sticky ends:

Human Biology Year 12 (2 decks)

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