Home Front Test (ww1) Flashcards
what is meant by limiting freedom of choice?
aim- increase national efficiency
watered down beer, banned buying rounds, limited pub opening times, banned binocular
what is meant by limits on freedom of speech?
aim- to keep military secrets and keep morale high
banned invisible ink, censored letters especially from trenches, forbid talk about military or naval matters
what is meant by limiting property rights?
aim- control economy
government had the right to take over any property; Rose St. Inverness requisitioned for making mines
what is meant by limiting freedom of movement?
aim- to prevent espionage
all ports taken over by gov and entry was restricted, northern scotland became restricted zone
What was conscription?
- if you’re able to you have to fight
- introduced in 1916
- men 18-41
- could rely on volunteers however after 1915 new recruits hard to find
Give examples of conscientious objectors?
-Irish Republicans wanted to be free from Britain and therefore refused to fight for them.
- Quakers believed “that of god in everyone” so therefore refused to take lives
How many conscientious objectors stood before tribunals?
14,000
What happened to conscientious objectors after war?
social stigma, difficulty in finding jobs and restricted from voting
what was non combatants?
7000 were accepted as non combatants and were medics and stretcher bearers, many died
4 reasons for rationing?
- food going out
- less food coming in
- less food made
- political considerations
why was there more food going out?
military prioritised food to keep morale high on the battlefield - meant less food back home
why was there less food coming in?
2/3’s of Britain’s food was imported from the british empire and USA, german U-boats were bombing ships carrying food into britain
why was there less food MADE in Britain?
north sea closed meant less fishing, skilled farmers conscripted into war, failure of scottish potato crop
why was there political considerations? (rationing)
fear of drop in morale of lack of food, fear of revolution due to high food prices
6 suffragist campaigning methods?
-newspapers
-petitions
-marches
-speeches
-meeting politicians
-working with political parties
6 suffragette campaigning methods?
-smashing windows
-throwing stones
-newspapers
-arson
-assaulting politicians
-hunger strike
Pre war housing conditions (Glasgow)?
- poor quality
-overcrowding
-outdoor toilets
-disease
Why did glasgow boom? (rent strike)
because there were thousands of new jobs in glasgow from war production
who led the glasgow women’s housing association?
mary barbour
why did landlords raise rent prices?
- more people coming in
-men were away and thought women were powerless
6 types of war work?
-coal mining
-engineering
-jute
-shipbuilding
-munitions
-steel industry
explain coal mining?
-government nationalised coal mines
-coal needed for fuel (heating/ships)
-boomed in fife
explain shipbuilding?
-already in high demand pre war
-needed for transporting supplies as many were bombed by uboats
-boom on clydesdale
explain engineering?
-needed for construction of tanks and aircraft
-reserved occupation
-shipyard diversified to make tanks
-glasgow boomed
explain munitions? (war work)
-cordite needed for shells and ammunition
- 30,000 people working at gretna
explain jute?
-textile used for sandbags
-dundee boomed
explain steel industry’s?
-needed for armour plating on tanks/ships/artillery
-boom in glasgow
-Glasgow produced 85% of britain’s armour plating
6 tactics of ministry of munitions?
-reserved occupations
-factory building
-diversification
-infrastructure
-nationalisation
-dilution
what’s meant by reserved occupations?
skilled workers (eg. engineers) couldn’t transfer jobs or join military
what’s meant by factory building?
- 50 munition factories built
-30,000 workers at gretna
what’s meant by diversification?
- factories changed the range of what they produced eg. shipyards to make tanks
what’s meant by infrastructure?
government built new railways to help connect the economy
what’s meant by nationalisation?
gov took over steel works, coals mines and rail network to help organisation and coordination
what’s meant by dilution?
breaking down complex jobs into smaller simpler ones so the unskilled workers could take them up
4 types of women’s war work?
-auxiliaries
-manufacturing
-farming
-nursing
explain auxiliaries?
-WAAC set up in 1917
- took up many non combat roles
-drivers
-postal workers
explain manufacturing (women’s war work)?
-munitionettes
-worked with TNT and explosives
-worked in heavy industries eg. shipbuilding
explain nursing?
-VAD
-90,000 members
-many nurses
explain farming (women’s war work)?
-women’s land army 1917
-filled in for farmers who were at war
