Holt's Chapter 1 Flashcards
What was the “Robber’s Cave Experiment” about? What did it indicate?
- It happened in 1954
- It demonstrates the “Realistic Conflict Theory”
The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that an attempt to simply bring hostile groups together is not enough to reduce intergroup prejudice. Rather, this experiment confirmed that groups must cooperate and have common goals to truly build peace.
This classic study of intergroup conflict and cooperation demonstrated how groups strongly favour their own members (ingroup bias), and how intergroup conflict can be resolved by the groups working together on a common task that neither group can complete without the help of the other group.
Things you MUST’VE mentioned:
- It happened in 1954
- It demonstrates the “Realistic Conflict Theory”
Define Cross Cultural Psychology, what it is, it’s broad history and what it intends to study.
Cross-cultural psychology is a branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors influence human behaviour. While many aspects of human thought and behaviour are universal, cultural differences can lead to often surprising differences in how people think, feel, and act.
Things you MUST’VE mentioned:
- Most of history, psychological research largely ignored non western groups
- Most of the work prior to it’s arrival was left for the anthropologists
What word did Maslow use in context of Humanism, to describe what humans need?
Abraham Maslow’s work deals with the subject of the nature of human fulfilment and the significance of personal relationships, implementing a conceptualization of self-actualization.
He used the word “belongingness” to describe how humans need companionship.
He wrote a book called “motivation and personality” in 1954
Define Behaviourism in context of Psychological Perspectives. What are the major derivatives of Behaviourism? What was the impact of this perspective, and who was behind it?
Behaviourism, also known as behavioural psychology, is a theory of learning which states all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning. Thus, behaviour is simply a response to environmental stimuli.
Things you MUST’VE mentioned:
- People can be conditioned
- It emphasizes environmental control through learning
- Popularized by John B Watson in 1913
- Radical Behaviourism arose in 1945 by Skinner who thought humans had no free will
- Skinners input led to highly effective treatments
- Skinner believed in social engineering and contributed to the basic laws of learning
Define the Object Relations Theory and how it is used.
According to the object relations theory, the way mothers and infants interact plays a crucial role in infant growth and development. If care is adequate or “good enough,” children are able to develop their true selves, which is the part of the baby that is creative and spontaneous.
-The way the child perceives themselves and others
An offshoot of Freudian psychoanalytic theory, object relations theory developed during the late 1920s and 1930s and became extremely popular during the 1970s.
What is the 3 level framework? (LOA)
Biological:
Genetics
Brain Processes
Psychological:
- Cognition
- Thoughts
- Feelings
Sociocultural:
- Environment
- Culture
- Society
Describe how supernatural deaths may occur, and provide a historical example of such an occurrence along with an explanation.
American physiologist walter cannon (1942) has observed the Voodoo death in haiti. Haiti has a culture deeply ingrained in superstition and supernatural beliefs, and thus the belief of being cursed has put a man in phisiological shock which caused death
Their body secreted an unatural amount of stress hormones which put them into shock which left a fatal drop in blood pressure.
- Psychogenic death
- Psychosomatic reactions found in victims of death camps
- Sufferers of GAD experience cardiovascular events
What are Psychodynamic Perspectives?
Explains personality in terms of unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we’re not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality.
It seeks to explain the causes for our behaviour through our personalities and our patterns of traits.
What was the Cognitive Revolution?
The cognitive revolution in psychology began with traditional experimental psychology, with a focus on learning, perception, memory, and thinking, but it quickly spread to other areas of the field.
-1960-1970
What is the Humanistic approach in context of psychological perspectives? Who are the major names in this perspective? What has Humanism led to the development of and when?
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction, humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfil their potential and maximize their well-being.
It emphasizes the significance of healthy relationships and denies psychodynamic perspectives.
Carl Rogers, and Abraham Maslow are two of the most influential Humanists, with carl rogers being the pioneer behind Psychotherapy and was the first to ever audiotape psychotherapy sessions.
What is Psychoanalysis?
Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques that have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. The core of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
- The study of the unconscious to unravel people’s unconscious thoughts, feelings, and desires
- Thought of by Sigmund Freud an Austrian neurologist
- Uses techniques such as Free Association and develops theories such as Object Relations Theory
What is Social Constructivism in context of Psychology?
Reality is a mental creation. The way we perceive our world and what defines our world is made up in our minds.
What is Cognitive Neuroscience?
Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes.
- The study of cognitive processes through a neuroscientific lens, so the recording of electrical signals
- Brain imagery and brain scans to map cognitive processes while they take place
What is Cognition and Cognitive Psychology?
Cognitive Psychology is the study of cognition, and the study of processes behind decision making, reasoning, perception and the processing of mental images.
Provide a detailed example of Cognitive Behaviourism through explaining what it is and how it may appear in today’s society.
-Our expectations of our life are simply the result of our experiences and our environment
A shy man who gets cruelly rejected by a woman will likely avoid any further attempts at advancements towards women, as they expect themselves to be cruelly rejected and to suffer again.
A cognitive behaviourist may say that their expectation of future events is likely much worse than what they really may be.
