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Holocaust > Holocaust > Flashcards

Holocaust Flashcards

1
Q

Resistance in Ghettos

A

Underground movements in 100 ghettos, 87 armed. Uprising and escape for Jewish honor. 25,000 flee to forest to fight.

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2
Q

Minsk Ghetto

A

self rescue of 5000 jews

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3
Q

Treblinka resistance

A

August 2nd 1943, 1000 prisoners revolt and set the camp on fire. 200 escaped, but 100 were captured.

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4
Q

sobibor resistance

A

october 14 1943, prisoners kill 11 SS guards. They set the camp on fire. 300 escaped, but 100 were captured

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5
Q

Aushwitz II resistance

A

october 7 1944, prisoners rebel, blow up crematoria IV. all 600 escapes die. Same event mentioned in Primo Levi.

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6
Q

The Warsaw ghetto uprising

A

April 19-May16 1943, First urban struggle against Nazis. Jewish Fighting Organization (JFO) and Jewish Military Union rebel. Jewish council looses authority and people take actions into their own hands.

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7
Q

JFO and arms

A

Had a problem getting guns, polish home army was skeptical at first. Melted any metal for ammunition.

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8
Q

JFO’s first attack

A

Jan 18 1943, polish partisans deliver more arms.

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9
Q

SS clears ghetto

A

April 19 1943, the eve of passover. 2-5 thousand soldiers. Ghetto army responds with a systematic attack.

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10
Q

Obstacle for revolt

A

risk to families, isolation, coordination was difficult. Survival after escape was severly difficult.

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11
Q

The bielski partisans.

A

After December of 1941 when the parents of Bielski brothers are killed, they realize they must save their own selves and move in hidint to the forest. Build a community of 700-1,230 people.

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12
Q

Armed jewish resistnace

A

Involved in resistance movements. Finding their own arms was difficult so they joined other groups. 10,000 Jews survive war in partisan units.

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13
Q

Spiritual resistance

A

struggle to maintain humanity and dignity. Hundreds of forbidden ghetto schools, libraries, documentation of life. Emanual ringelblums Warsaw archive. 600 prayer groups in Warsaw.

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14
Q

Irena Sendler

A

Made rescue attempts. Smuggled children out of the warsaw ghetto and provided false identities.

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15
Q

Varian Fry

A

Journalist in France. Saves over 2,000 Berlin citizens.

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16
Q

Denamrk

A

great survival rate, only 100 perish of 7200 Jews. August 1943, start of deportation. evacuation of 7200 Jews to sewden on fishing boats.

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17
Q

Bulgarian Jews

A

1943-44, Bulgarian government resist deportation. 50,000 saved.

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18
Q

Italian Jews

A

More friendly relationship. fascism not based on racial and biological politics. Uncooperative partners of the final solution.

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19
Q

Vatican and jews

A

vatican allowed jews to be let in. considered a soverign nation, they have thei rown laws and postal system.

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20
Q

Pius XII

A

criticism the pope didnt do enough to help the jews. Subtle message of warning.

21
Q

Le chambon sur lignon

A

french town in vichy france. hid 5,000 german and french jews. 3/4 jews saved.

22
Q

Kindertransport

A

1938-40, many forgot they were even jewish.

23
Q

Bermuda refugee conference

A

april 1943, deciding what to do with exiles and refugees. very little is done. discussion of those trapped in nazi europe.

  1. US allows them in
  2. lift british prohibition
24
Q

Gerhart Reigner

A

World Jewish congress representative. Brought together all jewish organizations around the world. Telegram:Wasnt the only one to say theyre sending jews to the west.

25
Q

Rabbi Stephen Wise

A

Feb 43, government shuts down channels for such cables. Polish underground reports on BBC june 42.

26
Q

Jan Karski

A

july 1943, publicity mission to US. Meets FDR. Informs hollywood of what is going on. US changes opinion when secretary recieves memo to rescue jews with machinery.

27
Q

Aushwitz/rail lines

A

400 US rabbis petition for rescue on October 1943. July 1944, American bombers strike buna-monowitz.

28
Q

Jewish Joint distribution commitee(JDC)

A

existed since 1914, society for jews. fed 260,000 in ghettos. critical in postwar era.

29
Q

world jewish congress

A

established 1936, umbrella group for jewish organizations. Headed by Rabbi stephen wise

30
Q

Raoul wallenberg

A

july 44-jan 45, efforts to rescue jews. Saves thousands of jewish lives. Given honorary US citizenship in 1981.

31
Q

Aftermath

A

750,000 prisoners still left in camps in early 45.

32
Q

Death marches

A

about 50 marches, 250,000-375,000 die. Wasn’t considered a war crime if they died underway. Irrationaly marched them to exhaustion.

33
Q

Liberation

A

Liberate camps and POWs, July 44-Dec 45. Soldiers didn’t know what to do when they got there. Doctors intervened to introduce them to healthy diets.

34
Q

Displacement

A

50,000 Jews refuse to return home. Harsh camp conditions for DP’sApril-August 45. August 45-47 JDC and UNRRA cooperate to improve conditions.

35
Q

Kielce Pogrom

A

July 1946, 42 Jews were killed. 50 wounded. Shocked eeryone that even after everything their is still a polish pogrom.

36
Q

Beriha escape

A

movement of jews out of poland and eastern europe and illegal immigration to palestine. Jewish brigade run from end of war on. funded by JDC

37
Q

Abba kovner

A

roots of the movemement of beriha in lublin 1944

38
Q

Jewish brigade

A

15 palstinian jews created september 1940. brigade established 1944. fight under zionist flag. create dp camps for survivors. instrumental in beriha 45-47

39
Q

refugee crisis

A

long term problem, 45-47. US immigration laws were stiff, Truman tries to ease up on survivors allowed in 46. Leads to the creation of the state of isreal.

40
Q

establishing the state of isreal

A

Truman urges entry of 100,000 Jews into palestine. Nov 29, 1947, UN vote to divide palestine into 2 new states, jewish and arab. 48-50 mass exodus to isreal.

41
Q

IMT trials at Nuremberg

A

Oct 18, 1945-Oct 1 1946. 22 major nazis tried, 12 hanged ,3 imprisoned for life, 4 got 10:20 years.

42
Q

Nuremburg second trials

A

1946-47, 185 defendants. The doctors trial-doctors who were acused of experimentation. Discussion of cold war and its impacts.

43
Q

Controversy of nuremberg trials.

A

Cant make the law after the fact-designed law in order to prosecute people. “crimes against peace” was vague.

44
Q

Nazi fate

A

Escape through ‘rat line’ . ODESSA arranges escape routes.

45
Q

Alouis Hudal

A

Bishop, sheltered jews. saved eichmen and mengele.

46
Q

operation paperclip

A

1600 Nazis join US military, R & D.

47
Q

Failure of denazification

A

west germnay, legacy of war torn country and need of expertise.

48
Q

Trial of Adolf Eichmen

A

captured in 1960, after he escaped to argentina. First televised courtroom trial in 1961:world awareness of the holocaust. Execution June 1 1962.

49
Q

Klaus Barbie trial

A

France, 1987-88. Involved in thousands of deaths and torture. Conversation on complicity.

Holocaust (1 decks)

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