Holism and reductionism Flashcards
1
Q
What is the holism- reductionism debate?
A
- the question of whether holism or reductionism is the better approach to use in order to understand human behaviour
2
Q
What approaches take a holism approach and what approaches take a reductionist approach?
A
- humanistic= holism
- reductionist= behaviourists, biological
3
Q
What is holism and who was this the view of ?
A
- theory that proposes that it only makes sense to study an indivisible system rather than its constituent parts
- Gestalt psychologists believe ‘the whole is greater than the sum of its parts’
- knowing about the parts does not help us understand the essence of that person
4
Q
What is the relationship between the humanistic approach and holism?
A
- focuses on individual experience which is not something that can be reduced
- they use qualitative methods to investigate the self
- themes are analysed instead of breaking behaviour
5
Q
What is reductionism?
A
- seeks to analyse behaviour by breaking it down into its constituent parts
- based on the principle of parsimony (all phenomena should be explained using the simplest (lowest level) principles
6
Q
What are the levels of explanation?
A
- the idea that there are several ways (levels) that can be used to explain behaviour
- lowest level considers physiological/biological explanations
- middle level = psychological explanations
- highest level = social & cultural explanations
7
Q
What are the different ways we can explain OCD using the levels of explanation?
A
- socio- cultural = OCD interrupts social relationships
- psychological = the persons experience of anxiety
- physical = movements (washing hands)
- behavioural = learning experiences
- Physiological = abnormal functioning in frontal lobes
- Neurochemical - underproduction of serotonin
8
Q
What is biological reductionism and an example?
A
- a form of reductionism that attempts to explain behaviour at the lowest biological level (genes, hormones etc.)
- BR works backwards, drugs that increase serotonin > found to be effective
- therefore cause of OCD may be low serotonin (reduced OCD to neurotransmitter activity)
9
Q
What is environmental reductionism and an example?
A
- the attempt to explain all behaviours in terms of stimulus-response links that have been learned through experience
- behaviourist approach
- e.g. learning theory of attachment reduces the idea of love between baby & mother to a learned association between mother (NS) & food (UCR) resulting in pleasure (CR)
10
Q
What is a limitation of the holism approach?
A
- may lack practical value
- holistic accounts can become vague as behaviours become more complex which can present researchers with practical dilemma
- e.g. accepting humanistic perspective that depression is caused by many factors (past, present, job, family)
- difficult to know what is the most influential & which to prioritise as the basis of therapy
- highlights how holistic accounts could not be used for finding solutions to real-world problems R more appropriate
11
Q
What is a strength of the reductionist approach?
A
- often form the basis of a scientific approach
- in order to conduct well- controlled research we need to operationalise the variables to be studied (breaking down target behaviour to its constituent parts)
- makes it possible to conduct experiments or record observations in a way that is objective & reliable
e.g. strange situation operationalised component behaviours such as separation anxiety - gives psych greater credibility, placing it in equal terms with natural sciences
12
Q
What is a counterpoint to the strength of the reductionist approach?
A
- may lead to errors in understanding
- some psychologist argue that biological R ignores complexity of HB
- explanations that operate at the lowest level (e.g. genes, neurotransmitters) do not include an analysis of the social context within which behaviour occurs (behaviour may derive meaning from here)
- e.g. the physiological processes involved in pointing ones finger is the same regardless of context
- an analysis of these will not tell us why the finger is pointed
- oversimplifying complex behaviour can lead to potential loss in validity
13
Q
What is a strength of holism?
A
- they consider all aspects of behaviour
- holism can be used to understand a wide range of behaviour (R cannot)
- e.g. effects of conformity to social roles in the prisoners & guards in the Stanford prison study could not be understood by studying p’s as individuals
- instead it was the interaction between people & the behaviour of the group that was important
- There is no ‘conformity gene’ so social processes like this only be understood using higher level exp
- matters because it shows that in order for psychologists to provide a more complete & global understanding of behaviour they should adopt a holistic approach to produce more valid accounts