Holding

Question 0

Reasons for holding

Answer 0

1. Traffic congestion
2. Awaiting weather improvement
3. Procedure turn or missed approach
4. Holds are positioned to keep all aircraft in protected space

Question 1

What is a hold?

Answer 1

• a hold is a “race track” to allow for the placement of aircraft en-route or approach

Question 2

What can the fix be?

Answer 2

NAV aid
DME fix
Intersection

Question 3

Standard holding patterns

Answer 3

• right handed turns

- one minute inbound leg

Question 4

Non published holds

Answer 4

• ATC issues these and should give them 5 minutes prior to the hold fix (AIM 5-3-7)
• NEVER accept a hold without an EFC (except further clearance)
• the direction of hold will be from one of the eight Cardinal points; N, S, E, W, NE, NW, SE, SW
• ATC will give you a holding radial (VOR) or bearing (NDB)
• if no direction for turn direction or leg time given revert back to standard hold
• EXAMPLE: hold south of 10 DME on the R-360 of the IWA VOR left turns EFC 10 minutes

Question 5

Tracking in holding pattern

Answer 5

• main tracking leg in holding pattern is the inbound leg

- inbound leg is the leg toward the holding fix

Question 6

Wind correction

Answer 6

• when there is a wind, the inbound should be corrected for with a wind correction angle, shorter or longer leg, or both on the outbound leg.
  Headwind and tailwind:
• take the time difference between your inbound leg and one minute
• if your inbound leg is 45 seconds, make outbound 15 seconds longer
• if inbound is 1:15, make outbound 45 seconds

Question 7

Crosswind

Answer 7

• whatever wind correction angle you must use on your inbound leg, use 3X the wind correction angle for your outbound leg- not to exceed 30 degrees
• or think wind correction in terms of compass direction
• pushing west, correct east
• set heading bug on the bottom of the CDI needle if correction is needed
• fly that correction on the next outbound leg

Question 8

Holding pattern entries

Answer 8

1. Direct
2. Teardrop entry
3. Parallel entry

Question 9

Direct entry

Answer 9

• fly directly to the VOR (or fix) and hold

Question 10

Teardrop entry

Answer 10

• upon reaching hold entry, turn 30 degrees left (right for non standard)
• fly corrected course for one minute
• all turns are made in the same direction of the hold

Question 11

Parallel entry

Answer 11

• hit fix and fly course parallel to inbound leg- track inbound radial outbound
• first turn after one minute outbound is opposite of hold turn
• establish 45 degree intercept angle to inbound leg- 225 degree turn
• while on outbound leg not any wind correction

Question 12

Thumb technique

Answer 12

Put thumb next to HSI:
- right handed turns - thumb goes on right side of HSI
- left handed turns - thumb goes on left side of HSI
Picture quadrants
For teardrop, twist heading 30 degrees towards top for outbound course

Question 13

Procedure turns

Answer 13

• used to align with approach course or reverse course
• normally installed to facilitate positioning of an aircraft on the approach
• procedure turns are indicated on approaches by thick black line
• missed approaches are indicated by thin line

Question 14

Always do a procedure turn in black UNLESS (FAR 91.175)

Answer 14

• when being vectored
• timed approach from holding fix
• not authorized unless ATC says so
  NOPT; no procedure turn
• used when an aircraft may be approaching from favorable heading or from another NAV aid

Question 15

Types of procedure turns

Answer 15

The 45/180 procedure turn:
- can substitute with 80/260
- helicopters can be limited to 5 NM
The 80/260 procedure turn:
- helicopter can be limited to 5 NM
Base turn/teardrop turn:
- rare
- mandatory when published 
Race track:
- entry is the same as a hold