Holderness Coast Caste Study Flashcards
How long is the Holderness coastline
61 km long
What are the cliffs made out of in the Holderness
Boulder clay
How does Erosion occur at the Holderness
Soft boulder clay is eroded by wave action
How does mass movement affect the Holderness
Boulder clay is prone to slumping
How does transportation affect the Holderness
Prevailing winds from NE transports material southwards
How much coastline is protected by hard engineering at the Holderness
11.4km
What hard engineering is at Bridlington
A 4.7km long sea wall and timber groynes
What hard engineering is at Hornsea at the Holderness coast
Sea wall, timber groynes, and rip rap
What hard engineering is protecting Mappleton in the Holderness
Two rock groynes and a 500m long revetment to protect the village and B1242 road
Why is soft engineering more sustainable then hard engineering
More sustainable because it has a lower environmental impact and economic cost
Vulnerability/ risks of the Holderness coasts
Roads destroyed into the sea
Caravan park destroyed
What are the active distinctive landscapes/ landforms
Spurn head- spit
Chalk cliffs - stacks cave arches
What is the average annual rate of erosion
2 metres
What are the landforms of deposition at Hornsea
Beaches have formed along the Holderness coast due to deposition of sand an shingle transport by longshore drift
eroded material is transported from north to south along the coast
beach material has accumulated at locations such as Hornsea, Withernsea and mappleton due to construction of wood and stone Groynes which trap sediment
Spurn point at the Holderness
A coastal spit formed by the deposition of sediment transported along the holderness coat from north to south by longshore drift
spurn point is curved with a hooked end, because the wind and waves coming from a secondary direction push the tip of the land in that direction, giving it this unique experience
salt marshes have formed behind spurn point as the river humber deposits silt and mud in this sheltered estuary area
What is the headline located to the north of the Holderness coast
Flambrough Head
The material forming the bedrock oif Holderness
cretaceous
The material covering the cretaceous chalk, deposited over 18,000 years ago by melting glaciers
boulder clay
Affects of having boulder clay at the holderness
erodes very easily
produces very small,
fine clay particles are easily transported by longshore drift,
rather than accumulating in front of cliffs forming a protection from waves
Beaches are narrow and fail to absorb the wave energy,
during high tide there is not enough beach and waves hit the base of the cliffs
Why do we manage the holderness
ECONMIC REASONS
Predicted that 200 homes and several roads will fall into the sea by 2100
due to erosion - the number of visitors if dropping
80,000m2 of farmland is lost each year- has huge effect on farmers livelihoods
Social impacts of erosion
properties lose value- there is no financial aid to help people- lead to poor wellbeing for people
as facilites close down = unable to maintain population
people start to leave- lack of community
Environmental impacts of erosion
Wildlife behind spurn point is losing diversity as the env cannot support many species due to lack of sediment
Where have rock groynes been built and what are the consqeuences of it
At mappleton
leaving places further down the beach with sand shortage
Why does the geology mean that holderness coastline is vulnerable
Coast is made of boulder clay- SOFT AND EASILY ERODED
The eroded clay particles are easily transported out to sea and don’t accumulate as finer sediment
narrow beaches means that the sea can easily reach the cliffs at high tide
longshore drift transports sediment southwards- especially at hornsea where backwash is far stronger
Why does the fetch mean that the holderness coastline is vulnerable to erosion
exposed to winds and waves from the NE–
The north sea also has low pressure weather systems- very high tides
Sea is relatively deep little friction to slow down waves
Why does longshore drift mean that the holderness coastline is vulnerable to erosion
strong prevailong winds from ne which pushes sediment down the coast
estimated that 1/2 a million tonnes of sediment is moved south each year in suspension
Cost effectiveness of the rock groynes and a revetment at mappleton
they were built in 1991 and cost 2 million
they protect 12 homes and one business
What types of weathering are the most present at the holderness
mechanical and biological
Freeze thaw weathering is making boulder clay weaker
What is the main type oif mass movemnt at holderness
slumping
heavy rain lubricates the rock making it heavier
weakend cliffs collapse under gravity
How much of holderness is being protected by hard defences
9.2km and 2.15 private
Hornsea defences and their impact
concreate sea walls, groynes and rock armor
groynes trap sediment and maintain beach at hornsea but mappleton starved of sediment as a reult
Why has integrated coastal managaement been used (ICZM)
sections of coasts are being managed as a whole because the action in one place will cause different effect in others
