HNP Midterm2 Flashcards
What is the largest region of the brain
Frontal lobes
Where is the location of the frontal lobes
everything anterior to the central sulcus
Name the three major divisions of the frontal lobes
Primary Motor Cortex
Premotor Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
Primary motor cortex is for what type of movement?
- elementary movement such as mouth, limbs, movement force and direction
- This is the actual mechanism for the execution of movement
Premotor cortex is responsible for ?
Selects the movements to be executed by the motor cortex
- selects coordinated movement sequences
Prefrontal cortex is responsible for ?
cognitive processes that select appropriate movements at the correct time and place
3 subdivisions of prefrontal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
What is the main input from in the orbitofrontal cortex
Temporal Lobes
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex has key functions tied to?
Posterior parietal Cortex
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex connects subcortically with the
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
and can influence emotional behaviour body wide
What cortex is important for External Cues?
Orbitofrontal cortex
What are external Cues?
We get feedback about our behaviour from the environmental stimuli. Feedback cues are central to a lot of our decision-making processes.
What cortex is important for internal cues?
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
People with damage to their temporal memory become dependent on _____ ____ to determine their behaviour
environmental cues
People with damage to their temporal memory have difficulty suppressing movements directed at ?
external cues
External cues are also used for ?
Language
Internal Cues are a function of what cortex?
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Internal Cues are a function of what cortex?
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
What is temporal memory or Short-Term Memory ?
record of recent neural events and the order in which they occur.
Internal Cues come from?
dorsal or ventral streams
Context Cues are a function of what cortex?
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex have difficulty with?
interpreting context and altering behaviour appropriately.
what is Autonoetic Awareness ?
Autobiographical memory, awareness of oneself or self-knowledge. Our behaviours are influenced by a lifetime of experiences
If you have no autobiographical memory you would have difficulty with?
Deficits in self-regulation
Patients with damage to the medial or ventral frontal-lobe injuries lose ?
Autonoetic Awareness
Left frontal lobe are important for?
setting tasks, language related movements (speech), and Short term memory for verbal cues
Right frontal lobe is in charge of?
monitors ongoing tasks, non-verbal movements (facial expressions), Short term memory for non-verbal cues
both frontal lobes play a key role in ?
nearly ALL behaviours (so you don’t get the same lateralization as seen in the posterior regions of the brain).
The interpretation of context can also relate to affect, arises from connections to the _______
Amygdala
patients who have damage to prefrontal cortex have intact ______ skills such as memory or language but they could not regulate their _____ in appropriate ways
- Cognitive
2. Behaviours
Symptoms of frontal-lobe lesions can be roughly grouped into five separate categories what are they?
- Motor disturbances
- Loss of divergent thinking
- Environmental control of behaviour
- Poor temporal memory
- Other
What are the 4 key studies looking at temporal memory
- Passingham-
- Funahashi
- Mishkin & Manning
- Petrides
Examples of Loss of divergent thinking there are 3?
- Reduced spontaneity
- Poor strategy formation
- Poor frequency estimate
Examples of motor disturbances
1 Loss of fine movements 2 Loss of strength 3 Poor movement programming 4 Poor voluntary eye gaze 5 Poor corollary discharge 6 Broca’s aphasia
Examples of Environmental control of behaviour
- Poor response inhibition
- Impaired associative learning
- Risk taking and rule breaking
- Gambling
- Self-regulatory disorder
Examples of Poor Temporal Memory
- Poor working memory
2. Poor delayed response
Examples of Other Symptoms ?
- Impaired social behavior
- Altered sexual behavior
- Impaired olfactory discrimination
- Disorders associated with damage to the facial area
What were the findings of the Passingham study?
Animals with DLPFC lesions were terrible and constantly opened the same door
What are the findings of the Funahashi study?
Damage to DLPFC, impaired ability to remember the location of the target in the contralateral visual field
What are the findings of the Mishkin & Manning study?
damage to MPFC impairs this task
What are the findings of the Petrides study?
DLPFC must play a role in monitoring self-generated response
What is Psuedodepression symptoms? What side is the damage on?
outward apathy and indifference, loss of initiative, reduced sexual interest, litter overt emotion, little or no verbal output
DAMAGE TO LEFT HEMISPHERE
What are Pseudopsychopathic symptoms? What side is the damage on?
immature behaviour, lack of tact of restraint, coarse language, promiscuous sexual behaviour, increased motor activity, and general lack of social graces.
DAMAGE TO RIGHT HEMISPHERE
Does laterality exist?
Yes, laterality exist OFC damage (LEFT) introduces abnormal sexual behaviours like public masturbation. DLPFC damage (RIGHT) appears to reduce interest in sexual behaviour
damage to the ______ results in more dramatic personality changes than damage to the _____
- orbitofrontal cortex
2. DLPFC
Context cues provide context to?
Context cues provide context to our memories and helps to explain social behaviours.
Right Temporal cortex damage does what to memories?
impaired facial recognition, spatial position, maze learning, nonverbal, trouble with corsi block-tapping test
Left Temporal cortex damage does what to memories?
- impairs memory for word lists, lists of consonants, and nonspatial associations, verbal, hebb digits test trouble
Language processing has a dorsal and ventral pathway. What do the Dorsal Pathways convey?
Dorsal pathway conveys phonological info for articulation
Language processing has dorsal and ventral pathway. What does the Ventral Pathways convey?
The ventral pathway provides semantic info for meaning
What are the three classifications of aphasic syndromes
Fluent Aphasia, Nonfluent Aphasia, and Pure Aphasia
What are the four behavioural components of emotion?
1) Psychophysiology
2) Distinctive Motor Behaviour
3) Self-reported cognition
4) Unconscious behaviour
Name the four social brain networks
Amygdala network
Mentalizing network
Empathy network
Mirror/stimulation/action–perception network
Amygdala network Function does what?
- triggering emotional responses
- detecting socially relevant stimuli
Mentalizing network function?
it provides a mechanism for understanding others’ actions
Empathy network function?
The empathy network can attribute intentions to others, something we humans do automatically.
Mirror/stimulation/action–perception network function ?
thought to be involved in developing our concept of self
What causes Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
It is caused by removing the amygdala
inferior temporal lobe bilaterally
Key features of Kluver-Bucy syndrome
lack of affect, those with KB show no fear whatsoever of threatening stimuli.
Why were frontal lobotomies done?
Because removal of the frontal lobe in ONE single chimpanzee made the animal more relaxed
- thought it would cure depression
What were the behaviours following frontal lobotomies
severe effects on social and affective behaviour across the board.
What are some of the common standard neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe functioning? There are 6
Thurstone word fluency test Finger tapping Token test Tower of London BRIEF Self-ordering
Adolescents who score higher on IQ tests produce more _____ and _______ in childhood?
Produce more synapses in childhood and prune more of them
Do frontal lobe injuries interfere with divergent or convergent thinking more?
Divergent thinking
What evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex is related to human intelligence?
The size of the prefrontal cortex has expanded rapidly in human evolution which suggest this region is related to human intelligence
What is Crystallized Intelligence?
The ability to apply previous learning
What is Convergent Thinking?
When there is one correct answer
What is Fluid Intelligence?
Involves seeing relationships and drawing logical conclusions
What is Divergent Thinking?
Open ended questions that do not have one single correct answer
What type of intelligence and thinking is tested with a standard IQ test?
Crystallized intelligence and convergent thinking
What areas of the brain is related to IQ?
posterior parietal cortex
prefrontal cortex
the amount of gray matter
What are the three major categories of memory?
- Explicit (Conscious) Memory
- Implicit (unconscious) Memory
- Emotional Memory
What is Explicit Memory and it’s subdivisions?
Memory for events and facts that can be spontaneously recalled
- Episodic = autobiographical
- Semantic = Factual and general knowledge
What is Implicit Memory?
Unconscious
Memory for skills, conditioned responses and those that require priming.
What is Emotional Memory?
Conscious and non-conscious
Memory for recalling affective properties of stimuli or events
Which types of memory was H.M. impaired on?
H.M. was impaired in both his episodic, semantic (retained some) and emotional memory (his amygdala was removed)
What is Hemispheric Encoding and Retrieval Asymmetry (HERA)?
“An interesting pattern of hemispheric asymmetry emerges in comparisons between memory encoding and retrieval.”
These are active cortical areas that are revealed with PET scans during the acquisition or recall of VERBAL information.
Which hemisphere is responsible for retrieval?
The RPFC
The retrieval of episodic memories (spatial)
Which hemisphere is responsible for encoding?
LPFC
Encoding semantic and episodic memory (language)
Why would there be hemispheric differences in encoding and retrieval?
Because information storage may require language but the retrieval of information may use spatial processing
What are the 3 Theories of Memory?
- Consolidation Theory
- Multiple-Trace Theory
- Reconsolidation Theory
What is the Consolidation Theory of Memory?
A process where the HPC dependant memories become independent of the HPC. Memories are held in the HPC until they can be moved to the cortex.
What is the Multiple-Trace Theory of Memory?
This theory hypothesized that in any learning event, memories are encoded separately in different brain regions,
What is the Reconsolidation Theory of Memory?
This theory states that memories will rarely consist of a single trace or neural substrate, suggesting that every time you recall a memory and do something with it, the memory is restored and reconsolidated and stored as a new memory.
What are the major components of sound/ Components of sound-based language? (7 of them)
- Phonemes - fundamental sounds
- Morphemes - smallest meaningful units of a word. (Ex: “ing” or “s”)
- Lexicon- word memory (dictionary)
- Syntax- Grammar/ word order
- Semantics- word meaning
- Prosody- innotation, often reflects the emotional state of the speaker and can modify the literal meaning of the words and sentences (Ex: Sarcasm)
- Discourse- highest level of language processing, creating meaningful narratives
What Is the relationship between age of language acquisition and injury?
When two languages are learned in childhood they share the same parts of the brain, but when a second language is learned in adulthood it is anatomically separated from the first.
Ex: patient K.H.
What were the major findings in the video we watched on babies and language acquisition?
The benefits of human interaction in language acquisition
Ex: A baby can not learning Spanish from only watching Dora
What is the Achievement Gap?
The achievement gap describes between group differences in educational outcomes . (SES)
What is the Achievement Gap in learning new words in early life? Why?
The number of spoked words by professional families is roughly 1100 at 36 months compared to 500 in children from welfare families.
May be due to the number of words spoken to the child
What are the two major theories of langauge?
Continuity Theory
Discontinuity Theory
What is the Continuity Theory of language and what evidence is used to support it?
This theory argues that language evoked gradually. Similarities in genes and behaviours from ancestral species were modified in modern humans and produced language
What is the Discontinuity Theory of language and what evidence is used to support it?
Discontinuity theories emphasize the syntax of human languages and proposes that language arose quite suddenly in modern humans
- human larynx
We watched a video about still face and early life comprehension, what was the finding?
Children have great emotional processing
What were the results of the William And Bargh 2008 study?
People who drink hot beverages are perceived by others are more caring
People who drink colder drinks are perceived as more negative
What are the neural correlates of an emotional response?
the cortex thalamus HPC, hippocampal formation amygdala
What is the PFC responsible for in emotion?
Specifically the OFC and VMPFC and amygdala hold the key to understanding the nature of the emotional experience
What is the OFC responsible for in emotion?
Represents positive and negative rewards and learns which previously neutral stimuli are associated with positive and negative rewards and when these associations change
What is the Amygdala responsible for in emotion?
Emotional processing especially for fear, then sends stress response which releases stress hormones, then autonomic NS to suppress pain and stimulate arousal and attention with fearful stimuli
What is the Hippocampus responsible for in emotion?
provides context to memories and spatial memory
What are the results of the Downer Experiment
Depending on which side of the amygdala they removed, it would change how they view the stimulus. Whether they are scared or it or they are not.
- Patients showed intense fear from the intact side
What role does dopamine play in adolescence?
There appears to be a shift in dopamine production and utilization. Seen in the PFC
- These levels can be altered by drug use and lead to additions
What is ‘Reward Deficiency Syndrome’
Low levels of dopamine in limbic system characterized by
experimentation with addictive drugs
novelty seeking
What Are the 3 major attention networks?
Alerting network
Orienting Or Engage/ Disengage Network
Executive Network
What are the ventral spatial behaviour networks?
Ventral Stream- projects through the temporal lobes to FL to mediate perception
How can we model spatial behaviour in rodents?
Morris water maze
How was Homer able to locate his car in the video we watched?
Place cells: active when entering a specific location in the environment
Head-direction Cells: discharge whenever a rat points its head in a particular direction and different populations of cells have different preferred directions
Grid Cells: fire a regularly used nodes used to divide the environment into a grid and cells divide the environment into equilateral triangles
What is the dorsal attention stream?
Dorsal –right lateralized and key to neglect - Top-down synchronization of visuospatial information
How can we model spatial behaviour in rodents?
Morris water maze
What is the ventral attention stream?
Ventral – Pulvinar nuclei, winner takes all, like the monkeys with the rewarding vs non rewarding stimuli. Is a bottom-up process for disengaging.
What is the neurological evidence for attention? There are 4
Divided attention
selective attention
parallel processing
cross modal parallel
What is divided attention?
Our perceptual system does not always work at peak efficiency: we have limited capacity and mush share attentional processes
What is selective attention
more attention = more neural energy needed
What are the major impairments of spatial ability? There are 6
- Topographic disorientation
- Egocentric Disorientation (uni or bilaterally)
- Heading Disorientation (right)
- Landmark Agnosia (bilaterally or right)
- Anterograde Disorientation (Right)
- Spatial distortion
What is parallel processing?
our ability to deal with multiple stimuli simultaneously
What is Cross Modal processing?
We receive a lot of stimuli and we must allocate our attention to both within and between modalities
What are the two types of attention processing?
Automatic Process
Attentive Processing
What is automatic attention processing? Bottom up or Top Down?
Involuntary, those that are performed without intention and without producing interference with ongoing activities, may be an innate property of sensory processing. Bottom-up (prompted by external stimuli)
Is automatic attention processing Bottom-Up or Top-Down?
Bottom- up
Is attentive attention processing Bottom-Up or Top-Down?
Top-Down
What attention network is disturbed by Aging, ADHD
The alerting network
What attention network is disturbed by Autism, PTSD, Neglect
Orienting network
What attention network is disturbed by Anxiety, Depression, OCD
Executive network
The ventral visual stream role in consciousness?
is important for recognizing objects, is part of consciousness,
The dorsal visual stream role in consciousness?
The dorsal visual stream, which guides movement, is NOT part of consciousness.
What evolutionary advantage might there be for faster detection of sad versus happy faces?
We see the frown face in the sea of happy faces because we are genetically brought up to see things that can cause us danger first
What is attentional blink?
Attention to the first stimuli prevents awareness of the second. Imaging studies show that you unconsciously processed the 2nd image, just can’t recall it. If told to ignore the first stimuli, easily see the second.
What is parietal-lobe neglect?
Patients with lesions at the right temporoparietal junction behave as if the left side of the surrounding space had ceased to exist
What is topographic disorientation?
Inability to navigate using salient environmental cues, even in familiar environments
What is frontal lobe neglect?
it tends to be directed only to the region related to perceiving grasping space, leaving the perception of distal space intact
What are the major impairments of spatial ability? There are 6
Topographic orientation Egocentric disorientation Heading disorientation Landmark agnosia Anterograde disorientation Spatial distortion
What is Egocentric disorientation?
Difficulty perceiving the relative location of objects with respect to the self
What is Heading disorientation?
Patients are unable to plan a course to a destination, even if they can identify landmarks and describe where they want to go
What is landmark agnosia?
Unable to use landmarks and information about their environment to orient themselves
What is Anterograde disorientation
Patients can navigate familiar locations, but not novel ones. Unable to recognize novel visual information, such as landmarks
What is spatial distortion?
Distortion in spatial perception of self – seeing themselves as too small or too large relative to their spatial world
Where does the damage occur for someone to have egocentric disorientation?
posterior parietal cortex, unilaterally or bilaterally
Where does the damage occur for someone to have heading disorientation?
right posterior cingulate cortex
Where does the damage occur for someone to have landmark agnosia?
medial occipital lobe, specifically the lingual gyri either bilaterally or in the right hemisphere
Where does the damage occur for someone to have anterograde disorientation?
right parahippocampal gyrus
Consolidation Theory is associated with______ amnesia
This theory explains why new memories are lost and old ones are preserved in HPC damage (Anterograde Amnesia).
Which form of Amnesia is associated with Multiple-Trace Theory: ?
All amnesia
What are the dorsal spatial behaviour networks?
Dorsal Stream- originates in the visual cortex and projects through the parietal lobes to FL to guide actions
