Hmatologic Disorders (30,31) Flashcards
What are the blood forming tissues?
Bone marrow, blood, spleen, lymph systems.
What are the BIG gerontologic considerations for hematologic disorders?
1) Very few!! all counts should be within normal limits.
* **exception is hgb
2) Have a diminshed capacity
3) Decreased reticulocytes
Anemia is not a normal finding in adults. What are some reasons anemia is caused in older adults?
1) 1/3 is nutritional (Fe, B12, Folic Acid)
2) 1/3 is renal insufficiency or chronic inflammation (EPO,Kidneys)
3) 1/3 nis unexplained (Still add supplement)
What medications effect blood?
Salicylates NSAIDS Herbs Oral Contraceptives Immunosuppressants Chemo
What three nutrients are required to develope a healthy bood cell?
Iorn
Cobalamin (B12)
Folic Acid
Hemolytic anemia
Autoimmune disorder. Killing RBC before 120 days. This immature breakdown results in the release of uric acid that gets deposited in the joints. GOUT
Why does anemia cause achy joints?
Because of the pressure from explanding bone in leukemia. We have hyperproliferation of RBC’s but never ending production.
What sensory symptoms are associated with pernicious anemia?
parasthesias, numbness, and tingling.
When looking at pt with suspected anemia. What will their color look like
?
Palor-moderate anemia
cyanosis-severe anemia
What stage af anemia do you see clubbing?
Severe
Why does anemia cause petechiae, bruising, purpura?
Blood is oozing out of capillaries. Usu. indicative of a platelet disorder.
What is the function of the spleen?
- Filter blood
- Clear out microorganisms and pathogens
- Remove abnormal or old RBC’s
- Store platlets and WBC’s
- fight bacteria of meningitis and pneumonia
What percentage of platelets does the spleen store?
30%
What affects does the spleen have on the blood if removed?
Higher circulating number of platlets and clotting potential.
If the spleen is inflammed how does that effect the blood?
- decrease in blood cellls
- increase risk for rupture
- abdominal pain (pressure on N)
- early satiety
- anemia
- thrombocytopenia
- leukopenia.
What would we ever give someone a splenectomy if the spleen was not about to rupture?
To increase the blood cell count. The spleen hold 300mL of blood.
What are the three major blood cells formed in the blood marrow?
1) Hemoglobin 12-16 N
2) Hematocrit 35-45N
3) Total RBC’s 4-5N
Hemoglobin
When is it increased and when is it decreased?
12-16N
- decreased in anemia, hemorrhage, fluid overload
- Increased in polycythemia and dehydrations
Hematocrit
When is it increased and when is it decreased?
35-45N
Percentage of RBC’s in the total blood volume
Decreased in anemia, hemorrhage, and fluid overload
Increased in polycythmia and dehydration
What blood test would we ask for if we wanted to see the percentage of each granulocyte (WBC)?
CBC with Differential
If hemoglobin, hematocrite, and RBC’s are low then the patient has
pancytopenia
WBC’s Normal Range
4,000-11,000N
If WBC’s counts are high that is indicative of?
infection, iflammation, or leukemia
Platelet Normal Range
Below 100,000
Above 400,000
150,000-400,000N
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytosis - Next we would want a peripheral smear to look at the shape of the platelets.
What is a peripheral smear?
Indicates the presence of abnormal or immature cells.
Looks more closely at the types of cells, shapes of cells, maturity of cells.
Neutrophils:
Normal Value
When are you very cautious?
How do you calculate the neutrophil count?
1500-7000N
Cautious if below 1000
Neutrophil Count= WBC X (%seg + %bands)
What three values do you look at for coagulation?
aPTT
PT
INR
aPTT
Measures clotting time. (25-35 sec)
Focuses on the intrinsic pathway
Monitors the affects of heparin.
PT
Measures clotting time (11-13 sec)
Focuses on the extrinsic pathway
Monitors the affects of coumadin
INR
Standardized way of reporting the PT
0.9-1.1N
When do you test for a D-Dimer
To test for the breakdwon/dissolveing of clot and this is they by products.
- shows hypercoagulability
- d-dimer is the degradation product of cross-linked fibrin.
What does hypercoagulability help diagnose? (D-Dimer)
PE
DIC
What is FSP and FDP?
- showS bleeding risk
- FSP and FDP are the products of a dissolving clot
What is special about FDP?
FDP can be increased if plamin has been activated somewhere without there being a clot AND can suggest DIC.
What does low fibrinogen suggest?
Bleeding risk/ hypercoagulability.
What does a hemoglobin electrophoresis identify?
Sickle Cell Anemia and Thalassemia by measuring the different types of hemoglobin the blood.
HGB S = Sickle Cell Anemia
HGB C = hemolytic anemias, thalassemia
What does the reticulocyte count measure?
Reticulocyte count measures the amount of immature RBC’s. This represents if the bone marrow is producing RBC’s at the correct rate.
** THE ELDERLY HAVE DECREASED RETICULOCYTES
When do you see an increase of immature RBC’S?
Hemolytic Anemia= the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells.
Explain ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
ESR measures the settling rate of RBC’s.
-shows increased cell destruction
-usually indicative of inflammation
~Increased in inflammation.
What are four things you can test for Iorn?
Iorn
TIBC
Ferritin
Transferrin Sautration
What is TIBC?
Total Iorn Body Capacity
-All protiens that bind or transport iron between the tissues and bone marrow.
2/3 of TIBC is bound to what?
erythrocytes and muscle cells
What is ferritin?
Body Iron stores:
- Bone marrow
- Spleen
- Liver
- Macrophages
What is transferrin Saturation?
Best indicator of iron availability then just testing iron levels. Because this reflects the amount of iron that is bound and ready to be used.
What is the Schilling Test?
It is a urine test that tell us how much B12 we are absorbing.
- Client is given an oral dose of radioactive B12 and then 2-6 hours later is given a non-radioactive injection of B12
- low, they are properly absorbing B12,
- high, they are no absorbing enought 12.
Summarise bone marrow examination.
- May use conscious sedation or local anesthectic
- Post. iliac crest is the preferred site.
- Very painful
- Gives a full evaluation of heatopoiesis
- Pressure dressing over site that needs to be evaluated
- Lie on a rolled towel for additional pressure for 30-60 min post procedure.
- May be sore up to 3-4 days post procedure. Anything over 4 days is abnormal.
- Usually done with a peripheral blood smear and helps determine the most appropriate treatment.
What could cause low RBC production?
- deficiencies
- aplastic anemia
- anemia of chronic disease.
What can cause high RBC destruction?
- SCD
- G6PD (enzyme that makes RBC firm)
- external damage
What disorders can cause anemia?
- Low RBC production/impaired
- Blood loss
- High risk of RBC destruction
- result of a chronic condition
What are some examples of thrombocytopenia disorder?
Iow platelets
Hemophilia
Von Willebrands
DIC
What are patients with anemia at risk for?
Fatigue and hypoxia
What are patienst with thrombocytopenia at risk for?
low platelets
Bleeding
What are patients with neutropenia at risk for?
low neutrophils, WBC’s
infection
What are patients with panocytopenia at risk for?
Fatigue hypoxia bleeding infection ~ all cell types are low
Splenomeglay causes…..
thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
anemia
leukopenia
What is the primary cause of polycythemia? (too much iron)
Hypoxia
What is hemachromaatosis?
Too much iron
Is anemia a disease?
No, it is amanisfestation of a pthologic process
What are the two main issues with anemia?
1) Too few RBC’s
2) not enough hemoglobin
Normocytic, normochromic
Microcytic, hypochromic
Marolytic, normochromic
Normal size/ normal color
small size/ pale color
Large size/ normal color
What is the etiology of Normocytic, Normochromic?
Acute blood loss CKD Sideroblastic anemia Refractory anemia Aplastic anemia Sickle cell anemia
What is the etiology of microcytic, hypochromic?
Iorn-deficiency anemia
Thalassemia
What is the etiology of macrocytic, normochromic?
Cobalamin Vit B12 deficiency
Folic acid deficiency
What are the sign and symotoms of mild anemia
- none
Hgb 6-10
What are the signs and symptoms of moderate anemia
- palptiations, dyspnea, mild fatigue WITH activity AND at rest. These symptoms are because the body is trying to compensate for a decrease of O2
Hgb 6-10
What are the signs and symptoms of severe anemia?
-Viscosity so low and thin that its basically plasma flow through
-Tachycardia, murmur, bruits, angina, HF, MI
-Tachypena, orthopnea, dyspnea at rest
-Headache, iriitability
-Anorexia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
-Bone pain, weight loss, lethargy
Hgb less than 6
Why do you see murmurs and buits with severe anemia?
Because of the low viscosity of the blood. Blood is thin like water. Therefore the heart has to work harder to pump blood through your body. This leads to CHF and organ damage.
What are the treament goals for anemia?
- be able to do ADL’s
- maintain nutrition
- have no complications
What types of anemia are caused by a decrease in RBC production
Iron deficiency anemia (dietary, blood loss) cobalamin deficiency (dietary, lack of IF-parietal cells) folic acid deficiency (dietary) Thalassemia (genetic) Aplastic Anemia (genetic, acquired)