Hm2 Flashcards
What three things do parents do to encourage children?
Offer rewards, offer praise, foster competition
What did the Pizza Hut Program demonstrate?
By offering pizza as incentive for kids, intrinsic motivation for reading books decreased
What three things did Lepper et al., 1973 demonstrate about intrinsic motivation?
- Children who weren’t rewarded spent 17% of their time on average during the free choice period, where those children who were rewarded had significantly less interest;
- external reward can subtract from intrinsic motivation; rewards change the way kids engage in activity – i.e. rewarded kids had more pictures that weren’t as high in quality; 3. unexpected reward does not have a negative effect
Negative effects of rewards are most/least detrimental in children
most
What are four of the five correlates of IM?
- Enjoyment; pursuit of challenge;
- cognitive flexibility and creativity;
- spontaneity and expressiveness;
- positive emotional tone in relation to others
- pursuing challenges
What is Harter’s finding about grade school and IM?
- As we progress through grade school, level of curiosity/interest declines; the longer amount of time in a system that emphasizes rewards and controls, the lower the IM
According to Harter’s research there is a drop at which school transition?
Junior High
What are the four effective methods of promoting reading motivation and comprehension?
1Encouraging choice; providing interesting, relevant texts; facilitating social interaction around books; using hands-on activities to spark interest
What did Allington et al., 2010 demonstrate?
- Assigning books over the summer (especially for children with low SES) showed a positive effect in reading achievement 3 years later
What are the four common functions of praise?
Create a bond; motivate; protect; manipulate
According to Brophy, what are the three things that are necessary for praise to act as a reinforcer?
Praise must be contingent, specific, and credible
What is the main conclusion from Brophy’s classic study of third grade teachers?
Teachers do not use praise very much and are not using it in a scientifically relevant way
What are Brophy’s nine functions of praise? (praise as…)
- Positive guidance; transition ritual; balance for criticism; icebreaker/peace offering; consolation prize/encouragement; vindication of predictions; attempted vicarious reinforcement; student-elicited stroking; spontaneous expression of surprise or admiration
What are four things is the interpretation of praise dependent on?
- Type of relationship; type of praise; age, gender, cultural background; public nature
What does Deci say you need to figure out to analyze the impact of praise?
How salient will the child’s feelings of competence and feelings of being controlled be?
What does spontaneous praise do?
. Spontaneous praise leads to confidence
leads to intrinsic motivation
According to the positive sandwich video, what will effective feedback do?
Improve performance, reduce conflict, and create autonomy
What does Koestner think about praise?
Undermining praise if you’re a coach or teacher is somewhat rare
According to Avi Assor, what will happen when children are raised with conditional praise?
Be overly concerned with how their parents are evaluating them
What are the three main effects of conditional parental regard?
Rewards, praise, competition
What are the three ways to motivate others?
Sports enjoyment; involvement opportunities; personal investments; involvement alternatives; social constraints
What are the five factors to predict whether or not a child will stay involved in a sport?
Competition/lose; competition/controlling; competition/informational; demonstrated that non/controlling competition can retain intrinsic motivation, whereas, non-controlling/lose and controlling/win decreases IM