HM

Question 1

an English mathematician and natural historian, was also an excellent microscopist

Answer 1

Robert Hooke (1635–1703)

Question 2

the first book devoted to microscopic observations

Answer 2

Micrographia (1665)

Question 3

In 1684, van Leeuwenhoek, who was well aware of the work of Hooke, used extremely simple microscopes of his own construction to examine the microbial content of natural substances.

Answer 3

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)

Question 4

The first person to see bacteria in 1676

Answer 4

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)

Question 5

was born in Breslau (now in Poland)
trained as a botanist and became an excellent microscopist.

Answer 5

Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)

Question 6

Studied unicellular algae and bacteria particularly interested in heat resistance in bacteria

Answer 6

Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)

Question 7

led to his discovery that some bacteria form endospores.

Answer 7

Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)

Question 8

described the life cycle of the endospore-forming bacterium Bacillus (vegetative cell  endospore  vegetative cell) and showed that vegetative cells but not endospores were killed by boiling.

Answer 8

Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)

Question 9

laid the groundwork for a system of bacterial classification, including an early attempt to define a bacterial species, an issue still unresolved today, and founded a major scientific journal of plant and microbial biology.

Answer 9

Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)

Question 10

the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation

Answer 10

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

Question 11

is an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms.

Answer 11

Spontaneous generation or anomalous generation

Question 12

microbial life can be destroyed by heat

Answer 12

Aseptic techniques
Pasteurization

Question 13

Techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms

Answer 13

Aseptic techniques

Question 14

In his early work Koch studied anthrax, a disease of cattle and occassionally of humans.

Answer 14

Robert Koch (1843–1910)

Question 15

a disease of cattle and occassionally of humans.

Answer 15

anthrax

Question 16

Anthrax is caused by an endospore forming bacterium called

Answer 16

Bacillus anthracis

Question 17

Koch established that the bacteria were always present in the blood of an animal that was succumbing to the disease.

Answer 17

By careful microscopy and by using special stains

Question 18

was the first to grow bacteria on solid culture media.

Answer 18

Robert Koch

Question 19

Robert Koch was the first to grow bacteria on solid culture media

Answer 19

• potato slices
• gelatin
• agar

Question 20

Not all bacteria can grow, and slices frequently overgrown with molds.

Answer 20

Potato slices

Question 21

as solidifying agent for various nutrient fluids.
- nutrient-supplemented gelatin was a good culture medium for the isolation and study of various bacteria,
but it had several drawbacks,
- it did not remain solid at 37°C, the optimum temperature for growth of most human pathogens.

Answer 21

Gelatin

Question 22

is a polysaccharide derived from red algae

Answer 22

Agar

Question 23

associate of Koch, first to use agar in bacterial culture, actual suggestion from his wife Fannie (used agar to solidify fruit jelly).

Answer 23

Walter Hesse

Question 24

desirable as a gelling agent for microbial culture media.

Answer 24

Agar

Question 25

a German bacteriologist,
the development of the transparent double-sided dishes that bear his name as modification to Koch’s flat plate technique, the Petri dishes.

Answer 25

Richard Petri (1887)

Question 26

Formulated Enrichment culture technique

Answer 26

Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931)

Question 27

microorganisms are isolated from natural samples using highly selective techniques of adjusting nutrient and incubation conditions to favor a particular metabolic group of organisms.

Answer 27

enrichment cultures

Question 28

isolated the aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium ___________ from soil

Answer 28

Azotobacter

Question 29

isolated the first pure cultures of many soil and aquatic microorganisms, including sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, nitrogen- fixing root nodule bacteria Lactobacillus species, green algae, various anaerobic bacteria, and many others

Answer 29

Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931)

Question 30

studies of tobacco mosaic disease, Beijerinck used ___________ to show that the infectious agent (a virus) was smaller than a bacterium and that it somehow became incorporated into cells of the living host plant.
- in this insightful work, Beijerinck not only described the first virus, but also the basic principles of virology,

Answer 30

selective filtering techniques

Question 31

Proposed chemolithotrophy
the oxidation of inorganic compounds to yield energy further showed that these organisms, which he called chemolithotrophs, obtained their carbon from CO2.

Answer 31

Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953)

Question 32

Winogradsky thus revealed that, like phototrophic organisms, chemolithotrophic bacteria were

Answer 32

autotrophs.

Question 33

First to isolate of a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, the anaerobe Clostridium pasteurianum,

Answer 33

Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953)

Question 34

is an
obsolete body of thought on the
ordinary formation of living
organisms without descent from
similar organisms.

Answer 34

Spontaneous generation or
anomalous generation