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BIOL 373 > HLTH 310 Test 2 > Flashcards

HLTH 310 Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Two layers of the embryonic disc

A

epiblast, hypoblast

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2
Q

Trophoblast forms

A

cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast, chorion

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3
Q

Go through diagram of all of these

A
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4
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

outside layer

stick to endometrium and burrow through uterine wall

attract maternal blood vessels

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5
Q

syncytiotrophoblast

A

multinucleated body that digests uterine tissue

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6
Q

chorion

A

embryonic contribution to placenta

membrane that surrounds all others

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7
Q

Amniotic cavity filled with

A

amniotic fluid

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8
Q

What does amniotic fluid help with

A

cushion shock absorber

regulate temperature

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9
Q

Yolk Sac

A

helps with blood circulation, supplies some nutrients than placenta takes over

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10
Q

Cells migrate through primitive streak and form two layers

A

first layer, endoderm

second layer, mesoderm

cells of epiblast that did not migrate through are ectoderm

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11
Q

gastrulation form

A

three germ layers

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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12
Q

Maternal portion of placenta

A

decidua basalis

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13
Q

Functions of the placenta

A

Nutrition and digestion, respiration, endocrine

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14
Q

Identical, monozygotic twins

A

single zygote

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15
Q

fraternal dizygotic twins

A

two different zygotes

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16
Q

identical twins

A

share chorion, separate amnion

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17
Q

Placenta Previa

A

When the placenta is in the way of the cervix

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18
Q

Endoderm

A

Internal organs

digestive system
liver
pancreas
lungs

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19
Q

Mesoderm

A

Other stuff

dermis of skin
lung tissue
circulatory system
muscle systems

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20
Q

Ectoderm

A

outside things

epidermis of skin
hair
nails
CNS nervous system

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21
Q

fourth germ layer

A

neural crest, PNS

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22
Q

Umbilical arteries carry

A

deoxygenated blood

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23
Q

Umbilical single vein carries

A

oxygenated blood

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24
Q

Neurulation

A

formation of the neural tube

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25
Q

Somitogenesis

A

mesodermal cells in developing truck segmentation

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26
Q

Notochord

A

signals the ectoderm to thicken and form neural plate

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27
Q

Neural plate border do what

A

come together, then the neural tube disconnects

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28
Q

When neural tube disconnects what frees

A

the neural crest becomes free which becomes the PNS

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29
Q

The notochord degenerates at the end of neurulation and only persists as

A

the nucleus pulposus

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30
Q

Neural tube defects can come from deficiency of what

A

folic acid

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31
Q

Spina bifida

A

Ball at bottom of spine, failure of posterior nueropore closure

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32
Q

Anencephaly

A

near top of head, failure of closure of anterior neuropore closure

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33
Q

Primitive streak starts the folding, causes mesoderm to create and continues folding

A
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34
Q

Formation of circulatory system

A

first system made, heart starts beating at 4 weeks, mesodermal cells create the circulatory system

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35
Q

What gene on y chromosome develops testes

A

SRY gene

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36
Q

Women duct

A

Mullerian

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37
Q

Male duct

A

Wolffian

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38
Q

What cells produce female Mullerian

A

no cells, no sertoli and no leydig

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38
Q

What cells produce male Wolffian

A

need sertoli cells to produce MIS to kill mullerian, need leydig cells to make testosterone to make testes

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39
Q

Androgen insensitivity

A

Where you do not have any internal genetalia

develop testes, then develop female like external genetalia

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40
Q

5 alpha reductase

A

develop internal male genetalia

hypospadias which creates female like external genetalia cause of lack of prostate growth

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41
Q

Ductus venosus

A

lets blood bypass the immature liver

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42
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

lets blood bypass the immature lungs

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43
Q

Foramen ovale

A

lets blood go from right atrium to left atrium

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44
Q

Weeks 9-12

A

end of first trimester
uncontrolled movements
major neuronal proliferation starts
bone marrow takes over RBC making

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45
Q

Weeks 13-16

A

beginning of second trimester
neuronal migration starts
meconium accumulates in intestines

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46
Q

meconium

A

fetus can inhale their fecus
causes amniotic fluid to be greenish/yellow

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47
Q

Weeks 16-20

A

silky lanugo hair appears
fetal position due to space restriction
fetal movements
coat skin with waxy vernix caseosa

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48
Q

Weeks 21-30

A

myelination of axons in spinal cord beings
lungs start to produce surfactant

49
Q

Weeks 31-birth

A

shedding of lanugo hair
fetus lays down subcutaneous fat

50
Q

Rubella

A

respiratory disease, can develop into congenital rubella syndrome

51
Q

genetic and environmental interactions

A

certain mice with certain DNA developed cleft palate when exposed

52
Q

Thalidomide

A

missing limbs, phocomelia and amelia

53
Q

Causes of birth defects

A
  1. inheritance, genes and environment
  2. familial conditions
  3. chromosomal issues
  4. teratogens
  5. dominant or recessive gene
54
Q

Development disorders

A

cleft palate, cleft lip, heart defects, spina bifida or anecephaly, malformation in limbs, extra fingers and toes, hypospadia

55
Q

Teratogens

A

cross the placenta, cause congenital malformations

56
Q

principles of teratology

A

dose and duration of exposure
what type is the teratogen
development stage at time of exposure
genotype of the embryo

57
Q

neural defects can happen

A

all the time of pregnancy

58
Q

Earlier systems/things affected

A

upper and lower limbs, heart, upper lip

59
Q

Later systems/ things affected

A

senses, hearing, eyes, teeth, palate, external genital

60
Q

Prenatal exposure that have affects on brain and body

A

recreational drugs- alcohol and smoking
prescription drugs
illegal hard drugs- cocaine
mercury
heavy metals

61
Q

Mercury contamination

A

prenatally exposed children caused issues
CNS impairments
in food chain, mercury in water, fish, humans eat fish

62
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

for seizures mother take them, cause baby to have severe defects, neural, facial, and liver defects

63
Q

What does alcohol cause as a teratogen

A

behavioural defects, cognitive, facial defects

64
Q

illegal drugs teratogens

A

dont cause physical defects but cause cognitive, IQ reduction, behavioural

65
Q

congenital heart defects

A

most common class of birth defect
can defect heart valves, atrium and ventricles, arteries and veins

66
Q

Maternal serum

A

screening, have alpha-fetoprotein- test for tubule defects, and multiple analyte screens- test for aneuplodies

67
Q

Maternal blood

A

screening, cell-free fetal DNA, test for aneuplodies

68
Q

Chorionic villi

A

diagnostic, karyotype DNA testing,enzyhme hormonal, abnormal screening test for a specific genetic disorder

69
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

diagnostic, karyotype DNA testing, abnormal screening test for a specific genetic disorder

70
Q

Fetal blood

A

diagnostic, karyotype DNA testing, abnormal screening test for a specific genetic disorder

71
Q

Nuchal Translucency

A

test to show aneuplodies, isnt for sure testing

72
Q

Maternal serum- alpha-fetoprotein

A

AFP is from fetal liver and secreted by fetal urine
measured in first and second trimester

73
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

goes through mother cervix, takes placental tissue

74
Q

Amniotic fluid sampling, amniocentesis

A

goes through mothers abdomen, takes fetal cells, centrifuge

75
Q

Fetal heart surgery

A

surgeon goes into heart through abdomen and uterine wall where the valve is blocked, takes a balloon in then blows up balloon which pops open the valve

76
Q

Full term in weeks

A

38.5 weeks from conception
40.5 weeks from last period

77
Q

Progesterone during pregnancy

A

ovulation prevention, inhibits contractions

78
Q

Relaxin in pregnancy

A

increases elasticity in joints and ligaments in pelvis

79
Q

hCG in pregnancy

A

stimulate testosterone in male

80
Q

estrogen in pregnancy

A

stimulates growth of uterus and mammalary glands

81
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

pregnancy hormones cause insulin resistance, increased risk of pre-term labor or development of type two diabetes

82
Q

Pre-eclampsia

A

protein in urine, high blood pressure
liver and kidney damage, bleeding, fetal growth restriction
if not treated, coma, seizure

83
Q

Stimulation of uterine contractions

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins

84
Q

Expulsion stage, birth

A

position of fetus affects this stage
tearing between vagina and anus, perineum
presentation of newborn head

85
Q

breach position

A

legs come out first

86
Q

Cervical dilation

A

each time contraction, no oxygen to baby
amniotic fluid burst, look for yellow/ greenish colour for meconium
longest stage of labor
oxytocin to make contractions
full 10cm diameter

87
Q

Afterbirth

A

placenta comes out after baby
contractions to reduce blood loss

88
Q

C-section

A

baby removed through abdomen, surgical procedure
unusual position, placenta previa, pre-eclamsia, STI

89
Q

Respiratory adjustments at birth

A

constriction of the umbilical vein, low oxygen and high carbon, acidosis causes the respiratory part in brain to work
first breathe in 10 seconds of birth

90
Q

Circulatory adjustments, shunts close

A

The shunts become ligaments

91
Q

clamping of umbilical cord

A

doctor clamps it, will also happen on its own
collapsed vessels become ligaments

92
Q

ductus venosus after birth becomes…

A

ligamentum venosum

93
Q

foramen ovale after birth becomes

A

fossa ovalis

94
Q

ductus arteriosus after birth becomes…

A

ligamentum arteriosum

95
Q

Thermoregulatory adjustments

A

mitochondrial cells produce heat and less ATP
babies can’t shiver to warm themselves
produce heat slower and lose it faster
lots of capillaries, breakdown brown fat

96
Q

APGAR test

A

Appearance - blue or not
Pulse - normal pulse, more than 100
Grimace - sneeze, cough, pull away when stimulated
Activity - can move around
Respiration - strong breathe or not

97
Q

Hyperplasia

A

growth in number of cells, cell division

98
Q

hypertrophy

A

growth in size of cell, no cell division

99
Q

Accretionary growth

A

growth in ECM between cells

100
Q

Appositional

A

hyperplasia and accretionary growth in surface of tissue

101
Q

Interstitial

A

hyperplasia and accretionary growth throughout thickness of tissue

102
Q

Neurons growth

A

Born with a set amount of neurons, but synapses can increase

103
Q

Bone formation

A

bone is put down after a cartilage template
by birth most cartilage is replaced with bone

104
Q

two types of ossification

A

intramembranous
endochondral

105
Q

Intramembranous

A

spongey bone
flat bones of face
at birth skull not fully ossified yet

106
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
start with formation of cartilage
mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts which develop into chondrocytes

107
Q

Osteogeneic cells

A

develop into osteoblasts

108
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone formation

109
Q

Osteocytes

A

help with mineral concentration of matrix

110
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone breakers

111
Q

Diaphysis

A

middle of bone, shaft

112
Q

Metaphysis

A

flared end of shaft

113
Q

epiphysis

A

the end of the bone, the growth plate

114
Q

Osteoblasts secrete bone tissue onto the

A

calcified cartilage matrix (Ossification)

115
Q

Bone modelling

A

deposition of new bone beneath periosteum, and reabsorption of old bone that lines the medullary cavity

116
Q

Bone remodelling

A

resorption of old or damaged bone on same surface where new bone is made

117
Q

Exercise on bone

A

weight bearing helps bone minerals and collagen fibres
resistance helps with, slow down bone loss

118
Q

growth hormone affects at

A

epiphyseal plate
stimulate hypertrophy and hyperplasia

119
Q
A

BIOL 373 (4 decks)

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