HLST 200 - Final Exam Review Flashcards
-Unit 7 Communicable Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections -Unit 8 Heart Health and Disease -Unit 9 Cancer and Non-Infectious Conditions -Unit 10 Tobacco and Caffeine -Unit 11 Alcohol -Unit 12 Aging
Elaine’s three roommates have all contracted the flu. What main factor will determine whether Elaine gets sick too?
Whether she carries immunity to that particular strain.
Oliver has syphilis. Recently he developed a skin rash. His infection has entered the _________________ stage.
primary
secondary
tertiary
latent
secondary
Two major factors that affect how quickly your system will absorb alcohol
The amount of food in your stomach, and the speed at which you drink.
what are the symptoms of Herpes Simplex?
small, painful red bumps (papules) appear in genital region (genital herpes) or mouth (oral herpes). The papules become painful blisters that eventually rupture to form wet, open sores
Vivian urinates frequently while she consumes alcohol. Why?
Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it causes you to produce more urine. The more you drink alcohol, the more the effect. It also stimulates your bladder, so you’ll feel the urge to urinate sooner than normal.
- Alcohol suppresses the release of arginine vasopressin, an anti-diuretic hormone known as ADH, which allows your kidneys to return water to the blood stream.
- Drinking a lot of alcoholic beverages can also increase your overall fluid intake to levels above normal thus causing more urination.
Describe what is considered a normal blood pressure. Abnormal?
- Ideal:* 120/80 mm Hg
- Abnormal (High):* 140/90 mmHg or more
Discuss strategies for the prevention of skin cancer.
- limit sun exposure,
- applying sunscreen before spending time in the sun
- taking extra precautions if one is fair skinned, has a tendency to freckle or burn, and/or has a family history of melanoma.
- watch for changes in existing moles to detect early signs of melanoma.
Gracie has candidiasis, a vaginal yeast infection. What type of pathogen causes this condition?
bacterium
protozoan
virus
fungus
a fungus
what is the treatment for Chancroid?
single doses of either ceftriaxone or azithromycin or seven days of erythromycin
Jimmy has herpes. Which of the following factors will not cause his dormant virus to reactivate and begin blistering?
- having a fever
- the stress of taking his final exams
- a lack of sunlight
- excessive exercise, especially when his immune system is overworked
a lack of sunlight
In adulthood, body-fat percentage typically
- stays the same.
- decreases.
- increases.
- stays the same or increases slightly.
increases.
What types of gastrointestinal cancers are associated with long-term alcohol use?
- Mouth
- Throat (pharyngeal)
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Liver & Pancreas
- Colon & Rectum
Jodie is a new smoker. She is most likely
- a child or teen.
- in her late 20s.
- an athlete.
- an honour student.
a child or teen.
what is the autoimmune theory?
as we age our body’s immune system declines. Our immune systems become less effective in fighting disease. Health behaviours such as too much stress, lack of sleep, poor diet, and inactivity contribute negatively to fighting against disease. In some instances, the immune system appears to turn its protective mechanisms inward, actually attacking a person’s own body. Although autoimmune diseases occur in all age groups, some gerontologists believe that they increase in frequency and severity with age.
what are the symptoms of Bacteria Vaginosis?
In women, a fishy or musty smelling thin discharge, like flour paste in consistency and usually grey. Most men are asymptomatic
The process of malignant cells moving throughout the body is called?
metastasis
Two major factors that affect how quickly your system will absorb alcohol are the amount of food in your stomach at the time you begin drinking, and
- the speed at which you drink.
- the mood you are in when you drink.
- the amount of alcohol in the drinks you select.
- whether or not you use a straw to consume your drinks.
the amount of alcohol in the drinks you select.
Jeff smokes cigarettes. The most dangerous gas that he inhales with each puff of a cigarette is
- phenol.
- benzopyrene.
- carbon dioxide.
- carbon monoxide.
carbon monoxide.
What changes occur with memory as one becomes older?
- short-term memory may fluctuate
- the ability to remember events from past decades seems to remain largely unchanged for elderly people.
- Adding to existing knowledge is done with relative ease.
what is the treatment for HPV (human papillomavirus)
Freezing; application of topical agents such as trichloroacetic acid or podofilox; cauterization, surgical removal or vaporization by carbon dioxide laser
how is Herpes simplex transmitted?
the genital herpes virus (HSV-2) transmitted primarily by vaginal, anal or oral-genital intercourse. The oral herpes virus (HSV-1) transmitted primarily by kissing
how is Gonorrhea (“clap”) transmitted
The Neisseria gonnorheae bacterium spread through genital, oral-genital, or genital-anal contact
what is the treatement for Trichomoniasis
Metronidazole (Flagyl) for both women and men
Match the following terms and definitions:
- ____ when combined with alcohol, these drugs cause increased CNS depression and blood pressure changes.
- ____ when these are combined with alcohol, side effects such as nausea and vomiting occur.
- ____ when these are combined with alcohol, drowsiness can occur.
- ____ when combined with alcohol, these drugs have a reduced effect.
- antihistamines
- antibiotics
- antabuse
- antidepressants
- non-narcotic
- antidepressants
- antabuse
- antihistamines
- antibiotics
Chronological age and biological age are the same thing.
True/False Explain
False. Biological age is based on wear and tear on the body. Chronological age is your actual physical age.
- ____ aging is related to the amount of damage to cell DNA
- ____ aging is related to the overuse and abuse of the body
- ____ aging is related to deterioration of cells that have reached their reproductive limit
- ____ aging is related to the decline of the body’s immune system
- cellular theory
- autoimmune theory
- genetic mutation theory
- wear-and-tear theory
- genetic mutation theory
- wear-and-tear theory
- cellular theory
- autoimmune theory
Dylan was told by his physician that the valve between his left atrium and left ventricle is malfunctioning. What is the name of this heart valve?
mitral valve
what is the treatment for scabies
5% permethrin lotion or cream
what type of cancer forms in blood forming tissues (bone marrow, lympth nodes & spleen)?
leukemia
Match the following terms and definitions:
- ____ a condition of mental deterioration caused by changes in the nerve fibres of the brain
- ____ the presence of a number of diseases at the same time
- ____ the care provided by substitute caregivers to relieve primary caregivers
- Alzheimer’s disease
- co-morbidity
- respite care
- Alzheimer’s disease
- co-morbidity
- respite care
Bill is diagnosed with colon cancer. If it has been caught early, the prognosis for this type of cancer is good, because
- the treatments are so advanced.
- the disease progresses slowly.
- it can be cured with diet.
- treatment can be delayed.
the disease progresses slowly.
Compare the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Blood pressure is measured by both systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure is (the upper number in the fraction) measures pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts. Diastolic pressure (the lower number in the fraction) measures pressure on the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity—between heart beats.
Because of a permanent inability to exhale normally, William’s grandfather must carry a tank of oxygen with him wherever he goes. What disease does William’s grandfather probably have?
- congestive heart failure
- asthma
- emphysema
- chronic allergic reaction
emphysema
what is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women
lung cancer
What are the symptoms of Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
inflammation of urethral tube
- men have discharge from penis and irritation during urination
- women may have mild discharge of pus from vagina but often show no symptoms
Sleep apnea
repetitive cessation of breathing during sleep
how is chlamydia transmitted?
Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is transmitted through sexual contact
Can also be spread by fingers from one body site to another
The 5 ways a pathogen can be transmitted.
- Direct contact: body surface to body surface. Examples include blood-borne and sexual contact. - Indirect contact: contact of a susceptible host with hands or objects that are contaminated. This is a common transmission route. Examples include a TV remote, computer keyboards, and eating utensils. Droplet transmission: often spread by nasal, oral, or conjunctival mucosa that comes into contact with large droplets containing germs from another infected person that is close by. Examples include someone sneezing, coughing, or even talking within about three feet. Airborne transmission: very small droplets contain- ing germs that are suspended in the air or dust. They are spread by air currents and enter into the respira- tory tract. Examples include measles, chickenpox, and tuberculosis. Common vehicle transmission: contact with con- taminated equipment, food, water, or medications. Examples include contaminated leftover food and polluted water supply.
what is the genetic mutation theory?
the number of cells exhibiting unusual or different characteristics increases with age. Aging is related to the amount of mutational damage within the genes. The greater the mutation, the greater the chance that cells will not function properly, leading to eventual dysfunction of body organs and systems.
Julie’s grandmother has a “thickening” of her arteries caused by fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances deposited in the blood vessels. The medical term for this condition is
- arrhythmia.
- angina pectoris.
- myosclerosis.
- atherosclerosis.
atherosclerosis.
Which of the following risk factors is not common to both diabetes and cardiovascular disease?
- diet
- physical inactivity
- blood lipids
- moderate alcohol consumption
moderate alcohol consumption
what is the second leading cause of cancer death
Men
Women
Men - colorectal cancer
Women - breast cancer
how is Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) spread?
- Most commonly through coitus (intercourse)
- may be result of allergic reactions from Trichomonas infection
Match the following terms and definitions:
- ____ cancers of the blood system
- ____ cancers of the lymphatic system
- ____ cancers involving the epidermis
- ____ cancers of the connective tissues
- skin cancer
- leukemias
- lymphomas
- carcinoma
- sarcoma
- leukemias
- lymphomas
- skin cancer
- sarcoma
what is the Blood Pressure reading called when the heart relaxes?
diastolic pressure
Amber urinates frequently when she consumes alcohol, because
- alcohol is a diuretic.
- alcohol, like water, goes right through the system.
- alcohol shrinks the bladder.
- alcohol is a gastrointestinal irritant.
alcohol is a diuretic.
what is the treatment for pubic lice (crabs)
1% permethrin cream for body areas; 1% Lindane shampoo for hair
Rachel says she smokes because she is trying to lose weight. What is it about smoking that contributes to weight loss?
- Nicotine increases blood sugar levels.
- Nicotine suppresses taste sensations.
- Nicotine increases the stomach contractions that signal fullness.
- Nicotine causes dehydration.
Nicotine suppresses taste sensations.
Alcohol, taken in moderation, is not harmful during the third trimester of pregnancy.
True/False Explain
False. Alcohol taken at any point during a pregnancy can be hazardous.
what are the symptoms of scabies
small bumps and a red rash that itch intensely, especially at night
how is Human papillomavirus (HPV) transmitted
primarily through vaginal, anal or oral-genital sexual interaction
Match the following terms and definitions:
- ____ inflamed lungs with mucus
- ____ irritability, headaches, restlessness, nausea, and vomiting
- ____ alveoli are destroyed, breathing is difficult
- ____ heart muscle disease
- caffeinism
- emphysema
- bronchitis
- cardiomyopathy
- bronchitis
- caffeinism
- emphysema
- cardiomyopathy
For someone who is trying to quit smoking, herbal cigarettes are a good alternative to regular cigarettes.
True/ False Explain
False. While herbal cigarettes do not contain tobacco or nicotine, the inhalation of smoke from any source is harmful.
what are the symptoms of pubic lice (crabs)
persistent itching. Lice are visible and may often be located in pubic hair or other body hair
what is the most common kind of cancer classified as?
carcinoma - starts in epithelium (layer of cells that cover body’s surface/line internal organs/glands)
what is sarcoma cancer
forms in supporting or connective tissues of body; bone, muscle, blood vessels
The herpes zoster varicella virus, if reactivated, can develop into a disease known as?
Shingles
Type 2 diabetes is less common than type 1 diabetes.
True/False Explain
False. About 90% of those diagnosed with diabetes have type 2.
How is Acquired immune deficiency sydrome (AIDS) transmitted
blood and semen are the major vehicles for transmitting HIV, which attacks the immune system. It appears to be passed primarily through sexual contact or needle sharing among injection drug users
Elizabeth suffers from increased pressure within her eyeball. This problem is called
glaucoma
what is the treatment for bacterial vaginosis
Metronidazole (Flagyl) by mouth or intravaginal applications of topical metronidazole gel or clindamycin cream
What are some controllable risk factors for infectious diseases?
hygiene, vaccinations and food preparation methods
how is Chancroid transmitted?
the Haemophilus docrevi bacterium is usually transmitted by sexual interactions
what are cancer risks you cannot control
- age
- heredity
what are the symptoms of Chancroid?
small bumps (papules) in genital regions eventually rutpure and form painful, soft, crater like ulcers that emit a fould smelling discharge
List some preventive measures for osteoporosis
- Get adequate calcium (aim for 1200mg/day)
- Regular excercise including aeorbics and weights
- Moderate alcohol comsumption (to not impair calcium absorption)
- Don’t smoke! (can cause earlier menopause and so longer period of estrogen loss)
- Get some sunshine! This is essential for natural vitimin D production. Vitimin D promotes good bone health by boosting calcium absorbtion. Just beware of sunburns due to increased cancer risk and premature aging of the skin.
List three modes of disease transmission and discuss aspects of their transmission.
Contact - Direct (e.g., skin or sexual contact) or indirect (e.g., infected blood or body fluid)
Food or water - Eating or coming in contact with contaminated food, water, or products passed through contaminated food or water.
Airborne - Inhaled: droplets spread through sneezing, coughing, or talking
Vector - By secretions, biting, egg-laying, as done by mosquitoes, ticks, snails, avians, etc.
Perinatal - In utero or as a baby passes through the birth canal.
Secondary damage from chlamydia in females includes?
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) due to the spread of the infection to uterus or fallopian tubes. This can cause damage to the fallopian tubes and uterus which causes chronic pain, risk of ectopic pregnacy, and infertility.
how are scabies transmitted?
Sarcoptes scabiei is highly contaious and may be transmitted by close physical contact, sexual and nonsexual
What are the symptoms of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)(genital warts)?
hard and yellow-grey on dry skin areas; soft, pinkish-red and cauliflower like on moist areas
Combining the act of smoking with a negative stimulus such as a nausea-inducing drug is an example of
- aversion therapy.
- operant therapy.
- development therapy.
- interval therapy.
aversion therapy.
what are the symptoms of AIDS
vary with the type of cancer or opportunistic infections that afflict an infected person. Common symptoms include fevers, night sweats, weight loss, chronic fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea and/or bloody stools, atypical bruising or bleeding, skin rashes, headache, chronic cough and a whitish coating on the tongue or throat
Examples of bacterial diseases
- Tuberculosis - Tetanus - Gonorrhea - Scarlet fever - Diphtheria
what are the two types of lung cancer
- non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - most common, grows slowly
- small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - grows quickly, can spread to other parts of body
Examples of viral diseases
- Influenza (flu) - Herpes - Noroviruses (gastroenteritis) - Papillomaviruses (HPV, Warts) - Retroviruses (HIV/AIDS) - Rhinoviruses (Common Cold, Upper respiratory tract infections) - Hepatitis Viruses (Liver infection like HEP-C)
What are the most common modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Canada?
- Hypertension / High Blood Pressure
- Tobacco Use
- Obesity Level
- Physical Inactivity
- Unhealthy Diet (lack of fruits & veggies)
What are the 4 stages of Syphilis?
- Primary Stage
- painless chancre appears at site where spirochetes entered the body
- Secondary Stage
- the chancre disappears and a generalized skin rash develops
- Latent stage
- there may be no visible symptoms
- Tertiary Stage
- heart failure, blindness, mental disturbance and other symptoms. Death may result
The intoxicating substance in beer, wine, and liquor is
ethanol
Match the following terms and definitions: (may be used more than once)
- ____ the common cold
- ____ syphilis
- ____ candidiasis
- ____ tuberculosis
a virus
b bacterium
c fungus
d protozoan
- a virus
- a bacterium
- a fungus
- a bacterium
Alcohol dependence is thought to be caused by
- genetic factors.
- the price and availability of alcohol.
- psychological factors.
- all of the above.
all of the above.
what are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis
white or yellow vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odour, vulva is sore
Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are two terms that can be used interchangeably.
True/False Explain
False. Dementia describes a group of disorders (more than 50) that include symptoms related to memory loss, judgment, reasoning, as well as mood and behaviour changes. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, comprising up to 30% of dementia cases, but there are causes (e.g., dementia secondary to vascular disease).
The greatest threat from venereal warts is the tendency for precancerous changes in cells. This process is called?
Dysplasia
Match the following terms and definitions:
- ____ a blockage of normal blood supply to an area of the heart
- ____ chest pain caused by reduced oxygen to the heart
- ____ diminished blood supply to the brain that causes damage
- ____ a cluster of medical abnormalities that increase risk of heart disease
- heart attack
- angina
- congestive heart failure
- cerebrovascular accident
- insulin-resistant syndrome
- heart attack
- angina
- cerebrovascular accident
- insulin-resistant syndrome
What is the treatment for syphilis?
An antibiotic called Penicillin. If someone is allergic to penicillin then a different antibiotic would be prescribed.
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea in women
green or yellowish discharge is produced but often remains undetected. Later, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) may develop
Susan’s aunt suffered from a cerebrovascular accident, which is more commonly known as
- a heart attack.
- a stroke.
- angina.
- arrhythmia.
a stroke.
More women than men die of CVD in Canada.
True/False Explain
True. Women are also more likely than men to be disabled from CVD.
how is viral hepatitis transmitted?
- Hepatitis A - primarily spread via the fecal-oral route, oral-anal sexual contact is a common mode for transmission.
- hepatitis B virus can be transmitted in blood, semen, vaginal secretions and saliva. Manual, oral or penile stimulation of the anus is strongly associated with the spread of this virus
Scott is diagnosed with gonorrhea, which is caused by which type of pathogen?
virus
bacterium
protozoan
fungus
a bacterium
what are the symptoms of Viral hepatitis
Varies from non-existent to mild, flu like symptoms, to an incapacitating illness characterized by high fever, vomitting and severe abdominal pain
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea in men
cloudy discharge from penis and burning sensations during urination
if untreated complications may include inflammation of scrotal skin and swelling at base of testicles
Damage to the retina of the eye is most likely to be a consequence of
- tachycardia.
- high blood cholesterol.
- low intake of fruits and vegetables.
- high blood pressure.
high blood pressure.
Which of the following statements is the best guide for responsible drinking in social situations?
- Limit yourself to two drinks per hour.
- First, experience your drinking limit.
- Always accept a drink when one is offered.
- Never drink on an empty stomach.
Never drink on an empty stomach.
what is the cellular theory?
at birth we have a static number of usable cells, which are genetically programmed to divide or reproduce only a limited number of times
Once these cells reach the end of their reproductive cycle, they begin to die and the organs they make up begin to deteriorate. The rate of deterioration is individual, and the impact of the deterioration depends on the body system affected.
Which of the following statements about depression in the elderly is true?
- It is more common for those living in long-term facilities.
- It can be easily identified.
- The elderly are less likely to benefit from pharmaceutical treatment.
- There is less stigma associated with depression in the elderly than in other age groups.
It is more common for those living in long-term facilities.
Lillian does not give her four-year-old daughter aspirin for flu symptoms because aspirin may cause ________________?
Reye’s Syndrome
Children who have had a recent viral infection, such as chickenpox or the flu, are at increased risk of develping Reye’s Syndrome when given Aspirin.
When an insect or an animal transmits disease to a human it is known as a
vector-borne transmission
One of the most common forms of progressive brain impairment (dementia), which interferes with memory and normal intellectual functioning, is called
- Parkinson’s disease.
- Hodgkin’s disease.
- Lou Gehrig’s disease.
- Alzheimer’s disease.
Alzheimer’s disease.
Mike smokes filtered cigarettes because he believes that they reduce his exposure to hazardous chemicals. His reasoning is misguided, because, he is actually being exposed to more __________________ than with unfiltered cigarettes.
- hydrogen cyanide
- carbon monoxide
- hydrocarbons
- nitrogen
carbon monoxide.
Amelia was just diagnosed with asthma. Asthma falls into which of the following disease or disorders category?
- idiopathic disorders
- allergies
- pulmonary diseases
- secondary breathing disorders
pulmonary diseases
Donna was diagnosed with cancer. Cancer is a group of diseases that is characterized by
- uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
- solid tumour development.
- the replication of genetic material.
- a predictable spreading of abnormal cells.
uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Cirrhosis is a disease of the stomach that is caused by excessive drinking over several years.
True/False Explain
False. Cirrhosis is a disease of the liver.
how is Bacterial vaginosis transmitted
- sometimes transmitted through coitus (intercourse)
what are the treatments for Candidiasis (yeast infection)?
Vaginal suppositories or topical ceram, such as clotrimazole and miconazole or oral fluconazole
Because Charles is of Aboriginal descent, he is at higher risk for ________ than a non-Aboriginal.
- colon cancer
- type 1 diabetes
- type 2 diabetes
- peptic ulcers
type 2 diabetes.
What are helminths?
Small parasitic worms that attack specific tissues or organs and compete with the host for nutrients. - Schistosomiasis (burrows through skin and enters circulatory system) - Tapeworm (from undercooked beef, pork, and fish that contain larve)
When Kristin decided to quit drinking caffeinated beverages, the withdrawal symptom she most likely suffered from was
- indigestion.
- a headache.
- involuntary muscle twitches.
- double vision.
a headache.
how is Candidiasis (yeast infection) transmitted?
the Candida albicans fungus may accelerate growth when the chemical balance of the vagina is disturbed; it may also be transmitted through sexual interaction
To help prevent osteoporosis, one should aim to ingest ________ of calcium a day:
- 400 IU
- 500 mg
- 1000 mg
- 1200 mg
1200 mg.
Symptoms of a stroke?
sudden loss of brain function because blood flowing to the brain supplying oxygen is interupted
Patty drinks coffee when she stays up late studying, but after drinking a pot of coffee she feels jittery, nervous, anxious, and has involuntary muscle twitches. This condition is called
- xanthineria.
- hypercaffeine syndrome.
- caffeinism.
- caffeine excitability.
caffeinism.
Andrew has a blood pressure of 135/87. This is considered
- normal.
- high normal.
- high.
- none of the above.
high normal.
what are the symptoms of Candidiasis (yeast infection)?
white, “cheesy” discharge; irritation of vaginal and vulval tissues
what organ doesn’t function properly in diabetic
pancreas
how is Syphilis transmitted?
the Treponema pallidum bacterium (spirochete) is transmitted from open lesions during genital, oral-genital, or genital-anal contact
What are the treatments for Herpes simplex
There is no known cure.
A variety of treatments may reduce symptoms; oral or intravenous acyclovir (Zovirax) promotes healing and suppresses recurrent outbreaks
what is the third most common cause of cancer death in men
prostate cancer
How does the digestion of alcohol for women differ from that for men?
Women have less of the enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach. As a result, alcohol is absorbed faster into the bloodstream and travels to the brain more quickly. Therefore, when equivalent amounts of alcohol are consumed, a woman’s blood alcohol content will be higher than a man’s, leaving the women more vulnerable to drinking-related impairments.
what is the treatment for AIDS
- combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs (HAART)
- other specific treatment(s) of opportunistic infections and tumours
what is the wear-and-tear theory?
the human body simply wears out
high impact activities such as jogging may predispose people to premature bone and joint injuries in later years
the more one abuses the body the faster it will wear out.
Diseases caused by Protozoa
Common diseases include:
- Malaria
- Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis)
- Giardiasis
- Toxoplasmosis
An area of Chad’s heart was blocked from receiving its normal blood supply. What is the common name for this occurrence?
- angina
- heart attack
- artery spasm
- stroke
heart attack
what is the treatment for Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)?
a single dose of azithromycin or doxycycline for seven days
What is congestive heart failure?
when the heart doesn’t pump blood as well as it should
Geraldine passes a bit of urine each time she coughs or sneezes. This is called urinary
incontinence
which two veins bring deoxygenated blood from body to heart?
- Superior Vena Cava* - veins from head and upper body
- Inferior Vena Cava* - blood from lower torso and legs
An example of a high-risk behaviour for HIV infection is
- having unprotected sex with someone you do not know.
- hugging an HIV-infected person.
- getting a blood transfusion.
- using a condom consistently before engaging in foreplay and/or sex.
having unprotected sex with someone you do not know.
Which of these is NOT a high-risk body fluid for HIV transmission?
- Blood
- Semen
- Saliva
Saliva
Frank is a binge drinker. Binge drinking is defined as consuming at least ________ drinks on a single occasion.
- ten
- eight
- five
- four
five
Alcohol withdrawal symptoms are common in those who have been diagnosed with
- alcohol abuse.
- alcohol dependence.
- alcoholism.
- problem drinking.
- 2 and 3 above.
- 1, 2, and 4 above.
- 2 and 3 (alcohol dependence & alcoholism)
Generally speaking, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is higher in the Atlantic provinces than in the Western provinces.
True/False Explain
False. Previous reports suggest this, but recent data indicates that some Prairie provinces have higher CVD risk factors and some Atlantic provinces have lower CVD risk factors.
In Canada, rates of syphilis have been steadily declining over the past few decades. True/False Explain
False. Recently, rates of syphilis have increased, particularly in men.
what is the Blood Pressure reading called when the heart contracts?
systolic pressure
what are the 3 types of ovarian cancer
- epithelial cell cancer - begins in cells that cover outer surface of ovary
- germ cell tumours - begin in egg cells within ovary (more common in young women/young children)
- stromal tumour - start in connective tissue cells that hold ovary together
Isabel has suffered several mild strokes. These mild strokes are called
- minor aneurysms.
- transient ischemic attacks.
- minor ischemia.
- secondary strokes.
transient ischemic attacks.
If no other caffeine sources are consumed, it is considered safe to drink 3-4 cups (250 mL/cup) of coffee per day.
True. Health Canada advocates that consuming 400-450 mg of caffeine a day has no adverse effects; a cup of coffee (227 mL/cup) contains about 135 mg of caffeine, so 3-4 cups is around this guideline.
Asthma is the number one cause of grade school absenteeism.
True/False Explain
True. Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children.
Viruses are generally treated with antibiotics. True/False - Explain
False. Bacteria are treated with antibiotics; diseases caused by viruses cannot be cured with antibiotics.
Discuss some of the chemicals that are commonly found in cigarette smoke.
There are over 4,000 chemicals in cigarette smoke. Some of these include nicotine, benzene, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, arsenic, cadmium, and ammonia.
what is the treatment for Viral hepatitis
no specific therapy for A and B types; treatment generally consists of bed rest and adequate fluid intake. Combination therapy with interferon and ribavarin may be effective for Hep C infections
Examples fungal infection
Athletes foot, Yeast infection
What 2 things must be present in Canada for a positive AIDS diagnosis?
- positive test for HIV
- have 1 or more of the clinical illnesses or indicator diseases that characterize AIDS (persistent fever, diarrhea that persists for more than one month, involuntary weight loss of more than 10% of normal body weight)
Anna has a sty in her left eye. What bacteria is the most probable cause of this infection?
Staphylococcus aureus
what is the valve between the chambers on the right side of the heart?
tricuspid valve
what is a stroke?
when blood supply to a portion of the brain is blocked (cerebrovascular accident)
what is ischemic stroke
bloackage that disrupts blood flow to brain
80% of strokes are ischemic, most common cause is blockage of brain artery by thromus (blood clot)
what is a hemorrhagic stroke
when a blood vessel ruptures
diseased artery in brain floods surrounding tissue with blood
cells nourishedd by the artery are deprived of blood and can’t function, blood from the artery forms clots that may interfere with brain function
what is the name of the “good” lipoprotein
HDL (high density lipoproteins)
prevent cholesterol buildup
what is the “bad” lipoprotein
LDL (low density lipoproteins)
main culprit in plaque buildup
what is diabetes Mellitus
disorder of the endocrine system
where does Sarcoma cancer form
in the supporting or connective tissues of the body; bone, muscle, blood vessels
what type of cancer arises in the cells of the lymph system?
lymphoma
what is a benign tumor
slightly abnormal tumour but not life threatening
what is a malignant tumour
cancerous
what is the classification TNM
T = size of primary tumour
N= whether or not cancer cells have spread to lymph nodes or other tissues/organs close to location of primary tumour
M = Metastasis, cancer has spread to other parts of the body
what 4 types of cancer account for the majority of new cases?
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Prostate
what are risk factors of breast cancer?
- age
- age at menarche (first period - greater risk if before 12)
- childless women
- age at birth of first child - early pregnancy decreases risk
- breast biopsies
- estrogen (from Hormone replacement therapy)
- Family History
what are the treatments for breast cancer?
surgery, radiation & drugs (chemo or hormone replacement)
Lumpectomy (removal of cancerous tissue)
radical mastectomy (removal of entire breast and some lymph nodes under arms)
sentinel node biopsy (remove only nodes most likely to contain cancer cells)
what are the risk factors of cervical cancer?
HPV (not all types), early age of first intercourse, multiple sex partners, genital herpes, significant exposure to second hand smoke
risk factors for colon and rectal (colorecetal) cancer
- age
- polyps (growths on inner wall of colon/rectum)
- family history
- diet
- obesity
- physical inactivity
- heavy alcohol consumption
- smoking
- living with inflammatory bowel disease
what are the 2 types of lung cancer
- non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - most common, grows slowly
- small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - grows quickly, can spread to other parts of the body
what is the main risk factor for lung cancer?
smoking
what are other risk factors for lung cancer
- air pollution
- family history
- previous diagnosis of lung cancer
- exposure to asbestos/arsenic/chromium/nickel or radon gas
what are ways lung cancer is first detected?
- cough that won’t go away
- shortness of breath/wheezing
- constant chest pain (especially while coughin)
- frequent chest infections (pneumonia)
- coughing up blood
- deep sense of fatigue
- loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss
what is the treatment for lung cancer?
surgery for non-small cell that have not grown to large to spread to other tissue
radiation
chemo (pills or injection)
what are the 3 types of ovarian cancer?
- epithelial cell cancer (starts in cells covering outer surface of ovary)
- germ cell tumours (starts in egg cells withing ovary - more common in young women/children)
- stromal tumour (starts in connective tissue cells that hold ovary together)
what are the risk factors of ovarian cancer?
- family history
- personal history of breast cancer
- obesity
- infertility
- low levels of transerase (enzyme for metabolism of dairy foods)
what are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?
- swelling of abdomen
- irregular bleeding
- lower abdominal pain
- digestive and urinary abnormalities
- fatigue
- backache
- bloating
- weight gain
what are the 2 most common types of skin cancer?
- basal cell (involving base of epidermis)
- squamous cell (involving cells in epidermis)
what is the deadliest type of skin cancer?
malignant melanoma - starts in melanocytes (cells that produce brown pigment and colour our skin)
how is skin cancer detected?
- skin lesions
- change in existing or more/development of new/changing pigmented mole
- change in colour, increase in diameter, change in borders of mole
- increase in height signals or corresponding growth in depth under skin
- itching in new or long standing mole
what is the treatment for skin cancer?
- non-melanoma - surgical removal; freezing; heat via electrical current; topical chemo; removal with laser; chemical peel; dermabraion
- melanoma - biopsie - treatment based on size/location/depth/type - usually surgery or chemo
risk factors of prostate cancer
- age
- family history
- exposure to heavy metal cadmium
- high # sex partners
- history of frequent STIs
who is at greatest risk of testicular cancer
men between 18-35 with undescended testicle
how is testicular cancer detected?
- enlargement of one testicle
- testicle changes in way it feels when touched
- sometimes dull ache in lower abdomen or groin along with sense of heaviness or sluggishness
- lumps on testicle
what is the treatment for testicular cancer?
removal of diseased testis
sometimes radiation, chemo and removal of nearby lymph nodes
5 Cancer risk factors you can control
- Carcinogens (nickel, chromate, asbestos, vinyl chloride, hair dye)
- Early detection
- cancer smart nutrition
- tobacco smoke
- physical activity
Cancer risk factors you can’t control
age
heredity
what are the 3 types of diabetes?
- Type I (insulin dependent- pancreas doesn’t produce insulin)
- Type II (non insulin dependent - pancreas doesn’t produce sufficient amounts of insulin)
- Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (occurs during pregnancy called hyperglycemia)
who is at risk for developing diabetes?
- having prediabetes (impaired glucose intolerance IGT)
- being a member of a high risk ethnic group (Aboriginal, Hispanic, Asian, South Asian or African)
- being overweight (especially weight around middle)
- lack of physical activity (Type II)
- mothers of large babies
- child of 2 parents with Type 2 diabetes
Treatment for Diabetes
- there’s no cure
- keep blood sugar levels stable
- home glucose monitorig
- Type I - daily doses of insulin
- Type II - balanced diet, exercise & weight managment (maybe insulin therapy)
- laser surgery to save eyesight
- bypass surgery (resotre blood flow to heart and feet)
- dialysis machines & kidney/pancreas transplants
- early low dose insulin therapy/oral insulin to correct immune intolerance, immunosuppressive drugs
what is emphysema
limitation of airflow as the result of disease changes in lung tissue affecting bronchioles and walls of alveoli
what are bones made up of?
bone tissue - osseous tissue (structural and supportive connective tissue of body), bone marrow, blood vessels, nerves
what do bones produce
red and white blood cells
what does the osseous tissue of the bones do?
it is mineralized connective tissue that gives bones their rigidity and honeycomb-like three dimensional internal structure
are men or women more vulnerable to osteoporosis?
women - they have smaller skeletons
what are risk factors for women and osteoporosis
- family history
- petite body structure
- Caucasian or Asian background
- menopause before 40
- rate of postmenopausal bone loss
- smoking
- heavy alcohol consumption
- loss of ovarian function through chemo/radiation/hysterectomy
- low calcium intake
- sedentary lifestyle
how can you protect yourself from osteoporosis
- raloxifene, bisphosphonats slow breakdown of bone and may increase bone desnity
- sodium fluoride, parathyroid hormone and forms of Vitamin D
- best time for prevention is in early life
- regular physical activity
- increased calcium
what is the addictive substance in tobacco
nicotine
what does nicotine do to your brain
stimulates the cerebral cortex (outer layer of brain that controls complex behaviour and mental activity and enhances mood and alertness)
what do shallow puffs of a cigarrette do?
increase alterness because low doses of nicotine facilitate the release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine
what do deep drags of a cigarette do?
relax smoker - high doses of nicotine block flow of acetylcholine
what stimulates the adrenal glands to produce adrenaline
nicotine
where does tar from tobacco settle
in the forks of branch line bronchial tubes in lungs (precancerous changes apt to occur)
what deadly gas does tobacco smoke contain
carbon monoxide - interferes with the ability of hemoglobin in blood to carry oxygen - impairs normal functioning of nervous system
how much sooner do smokers die than non smokers
average of 10 years earlier
what is the leading cause of death for smokers
heart attack - smoking doubles the risk of heart disease
what is cardiomyopathy
weakening of hearts ability to pump blood - caused by smoking
what is atherosclerosis
hardening of arteries
what is aortic aneurysm
a bluge in aorta (large artery attached to heart)
caused by weakening of its walls
what is the heart disorder caused by changes in blood vessels in the lungs
pulmonary heart disease
can damaged lung tissue of a smoker repair itself?
yes if quit smoking
what is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ie emphysema and chronic bronchitis
smoking
what is emphysema
- limitation of airflow as a result of disease changes in lung tissue - affecting bronchioles (smallest air passages) and walls of alveoli (tiny air sacs of lungs)
what is chronic bronchitis
bronchial tubes in the lungs become inflammed - thickening of the walls of bronchi and production of mucus increases - resulting in narrowing of air passages
why do people start smoking?
- age
- education
- genetics
- parental role models
- adolescent experimentation and rebellion
- limited education
- weight control
- aggressive marketing
- stress
- addiction
how do smoking rates of Aboriginals compare to the population of Canada?
smoking rates in First Nations and Inuit communities is more than double rate in the overall population of Canada
True/False
Women who smoke are more likely to develop osteoporosis
True
what are other forms of tobacco?
- Cigars
- Pipes
- Waterpipes (Hookahs)
- Smokeless Tobacco (Snuff etc)
- E-cigarettes
What is “Sauced” Tobacco
“Sauced” refers to the process of adding ingredients to tobacco products for a variety of reasons
EG. sugar, oils, ammonia etc
what is sidestream smoke?
when a cigarette is burning it produces sidestream smoke
dirtier than mainstream smoke, produces twice as much tar and nicotine, 5x as much carbon monoxide and 50x as much ammonia. It also reaches deeper into the lungs as the particles are smaller
what are the risks of second hand smoke?
- causes over 800 deaths in non smokers/year
- children 50% more likely to suffer damage to lungs and have breathing problems such as asthma
- more at risk of brain tumours
what types of quit smoking methods are there?
- quitting on your own
- quitting with the help of others
- nicotine replacement therapy (gum/patches/lozenges/inhaler)
- pill (Bupropion) - address the physiological addiction
what are the benefits of quitting smoking
- within 20 minutes after smoking last cigarette - body beginsto change
- 20 minutes after, heart rate drops
- 12 hrs after carbon monoxide level in blood drops to normal
- 2 weeks - 3 months heart attack risk begins to drop - lung function begins to improve
- 1-9 months coughing and shortness of breath decrease
- 10yrs cancer death rate is half of smoker
- 15 years risk of heart disease back to that of non smoker
what is the most widely used psychotropic (mind altering) drug in the world
caffenie
what is the recommended amount of caffeine consumption per day?
400 milligrams or 3 cups (237ml/8oz) of coffee
what are the effects of caffeine?
- stimulant
- dependane (from high doses)
- anxiety
- insomnia
- rapid breathing
- upset stomach and bowels
- dizziness
what is one drink of alcohol?
- one standard bottle/can (355mL) of beer
- one glass (148mL) table wine (12%)
- one glass (74mL) fortified wine (20%)
- one shot (44mL) distilled spiritis (50%)
what is the recommended maximum daily intake of alcohol for men and women
should not exceed 2 drinks for women or 3 for men
who shouldn’t drink any alcohol?
- people who are pregnant/trying to conceive
- have ulcers
- on certain medications (sleeping pills/anit depressants)
- operate motorized equipment
what is classified as heavy drinking
men
women
men - 5+ drinks in one sitting
women - 4+ drinks in one sitting
what can heavy drinking lead too?
- destroys liver
- weakens heart
- elevates blood pressure
- damages brain
- increases risk of cancer
- higher mortality rate
what is the result of drinking to much?
intoxication - “abnormal state that is essentially a poisoning”
how is alcohol absorbed into the bloodstream?
through stomach walls and upper intestine
reaches bloodstream within 15 minutes, peak concentration 1 hr
what are characteristics of intoxication
- slurred speech
- poor coordination
- unsteady gait
- abnormal eye movements
- impaired attention or memory
- stupor or coma
how does alcohol leave the body
- can only leave after it’s been metabolized by the liver
- 95% converted to carbon dioxide and water
- 5% excreted unchanged (urination/respiration/perspiration)
drinking alcohol inhibits your body to produce what?
white blood cells (fight off infection) and red blood cells (carry oxygen to all organs/tissues)
heavy drinking depletes brains supplies of which crucial chemicals
- dopamine
- gamma amino butryic acid
- upload peptides
- serotonin (responsible for feelings of pleasure and well being)
what effects can moderate alcohol have?
- impaired perceptions
- dulled smell and taste
- diminished sensation
- altered sense of space
- impaired motor skills
what artery takes blood from the heart to the lungs?
pulmonary artery
what vein brings oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart
pulmonary vein
what valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?
pulmonary valve
what artery takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
aorta
what are risks of alcohol
increased risk of cirrhosis of liver and a number of cancers
anemia
disrupt sympathetic nervous system (blood pressure)
can cause seizures
afffect personal/professional life
plays role in homicides/suicides
mortality rates for alcoholic 2 1/2x greater than non alcoholic
why do people drink
- relax
- depress central nervous sytem
- celebration, friendship, lowering inhibitions, self medication and role modelling
- get drunk, feel good, comply with others
what is binge drinking
consuming 5+ alcoholic drinks in a row by men or 4+ by women
do men or women absorb more alcohol into their bloodstream?
women - they absorb 30% more alcohol than men
they have smaller quantities of protective enzymes in their stomach to break down alcohol before absorption
what happens to alcoholic womens stomachs?
it completely stops digesting alcohol leaving them more likley to suffer from liver damage
what are the physical symptoms of FASD (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder)?
- small head
- abnormal facial features
- jitters
- poor muscle tone
- sleep disorders
- sluggish motor development
- failure to thrive
- short stature
- delayed speech
- mental challenges
- higher risk of spinal bifida
- possible congeital heart problems
- hyperactivity
- multi faceted behaviour problems
what is problem drinking?
- the use of alcohol in any way that creates difficulties, potential difficulties or health risks to an individual
what is alcohol abuse?
- continued use of alcohol despite awareness of social, occupational, psychological or physical problems related to drinking or drinkin in dangerous ways or situations (before driving)
what symptoms may indicate alcohol dependance
- tolerance - need more and more to become intoxicated
- withdrawl (sweating, rapid pulse, signs of autonomic hyperactivity, increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea etc)
- agitation, restlessness, anxiety or grand mal seizues
- drinking to avoid or releive symptoms of withdrawl
- consuming large amounts or drinking over longer period than intended
- persistent desire or unsuccesfful effor to cut down or control drinking
- great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain alcohol, drink it or recover
- improtant social, occupational or recreational activites given up or reduced b/c of alcohol
- continued alcohol use despite knowledge that likely to cause or exacerbate a perisisten or recurring physical or psychological problem
what causes alcohol dependence and abuse?
- genetics
- stress and traumatic experiences
- parental alcoholism
- drug use
what are the complications of alcohol dependence and abuse
- liver disease
- cancer
- vitamin deficiences
- reproductive and sexual dysfunction
- accidents and injuries
- higher mortality
- withdrawl dangers (lifethreatening when accompanied by medical problems)
what is cirrhosis of the liver?
irreversible scarring and destruction of liver cells
what is the main vitamin deficiency associated with alcohol dependence/abuse
thiamin (B2)
lack of thiamin may result in Wrnicke Korsakoff syndrome (disorientation, memory failure, hallucinations and jerky eye movements)
what are the treatements for alcoholism?
there is no one size fits all treatman
AA meetings
individual psychotherapy
most successful approaches include commitment from institution to address issue of drinking
what is chronological age
our age in calendar years
what is functional age
combination of chronological, physiological and emotional ages
what is physiological age
normal functioning of bodies controlled by interactions between physical and chemical bodily states
what is social age
how well people cope with social roles
what is psychological age
perception of how “old” you feel
what sort of exercise should seniors partake
full range of physical activities - aerobic, muscle & flexibility
150 min of moderate - vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity per week in bouts of 10 minutes or more
what is described as the closest to an anti aging pill
exercise
how much of our body do skeletal muscles cover?
40-50%
what is sarcopenia
muscles get smaller and weaker as we age - degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength
what replaces muscle fibre as we age?
fat tissue
what are our bones made up of?
- bone tissue (osseous tissue - the major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body)
- bone marrow
- blood vessels
- nerves
what gives bones their rigidity and honeycomb three dimensional internal structure?
osseous tissue
how can you protect yourself against aging bones?
- raloxifene, bisphosphonates
- bone/muscle strengthening activities using major muscle groups 2x/week+
- sodium fluoride
- parathyroid hormone
- some forms of Vitamin D
- increase calcium intake
- Osteofit program (if already have osteoporosis)
what essentail nutrients are older adults often lacking?
- folate
- vitamin d
- calcium
- vitamin E
- magnesium
- vitamins B6 & B12
- vitamin C
- zinc
what is the most troubling problem among widowed seniors related to bereavement?
eating disorders
does body composition change with age?
yes
weight and body fat increase with age
over time we lose up to 20 pnds of lean tissue and increase by 40pnds of body fat
What are some ways to help address ageism?
- Identifying the myths and misinformation
- Learn more about aging
- Monitor media and respond to ageist material
- Speak up about ageism
- Watch language
- Help build intergenerational bridges to promote better understanding
what is the wear-and-tear theory?
the human body simply wears out.
the more one abuses the body the faster it will wear out
what is the cellular theory?
at birth we have a static number of usable cells, which are genetically programmed to divide or reproduce only a limited number of times
Once these cells reach the end of their reproductive cycle, they begin to die and the organs they make up begin to deteriorate.
what is the autoimmune theory
the decline of the body’s immune system. As we age, our immune systems become less effective in fighting disease.
In some instances, the immune system appears to turn its protective mechanisms inward, actually attacking a person’s own body.
what is the genetic mutation theory?
the number of cells exhibiting unusual or different characteristics increases with age
aging is related to the amount of mutational damage within the genes. The greater the mutation, the greater the chance that cells will not function properly, leading to eventual dysfunction of body organs and systems
can the brain repair itself?
yes
when neurons (brain cells) die, surrounding cells develop “fingers” to fill gaps and establish new connections or synapses between surviving neurons
what are characteristics of the healthiest seniors?
- actively engaged in life
- resilient
- optimistic
- productive
- socially involved
- bounce back after setback
- have can do attitude
- lifelong learners
what are symptoms of Dementia?
- loss of memory, judgement and reasoning
- changes in mood and behaviour
what causes Dementia
- 50-70% caused by Alzheimer’s disease
- 20-30% caused by vascular disease
what are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s
- first symptoms resemble ordinary memory lapse
- eventually lose ability to learn and remember anything new, names of family and friends and way around
- unable to feed themselves
what is Social capital
the network of social relations that provides seniors with access to needed resources and support
are men or women more likely to get Alzheimers?
women - by 85 28-30% of women suffer from it
what is andropause
when men’s primary sex hormone (testosterone) gradually declines (between ages 48-70)
it may cause decreased muscle mass, greater body fat, loss of bone density, flagging energy, lowered fertility and impaired virility
what is perimenopause
- an early sign of menopause
- when womens egg cells (oocytes) in ovaries start to senesce (die) at a faster rate
- the # of eggs eventually drops to a tiny fration of what they were born with
- ptituatiry gland churns out extra follicle stimulating hormone trying to coax extra oocytes to ripen
what are the most common symptoms of perimenopause
night sweats (subdermal hot flash) can disrupt sleep
10-20% women also experience daytime hot flashes (more prevalent with more drastic and enduring homronal changes of menopause)
what is menopause
- the complete cessation of menstrual periods for 12 consecutive months (usually between 51
what are the symptoms of menopause
- dwindling estrogen affect mouth (dryness, unusual tastes, burning & gum problems) skin (drier, itchier & overly sensitive)
- may cause hot flashes
- androgens (male hormone) may have greater impact - causing acne, hair loss and surges in sexual appetite
- clitoris, vulva and vaginal lining begin to shrivel (can ause pain or bleeding durin sex)
- urniary tract infections become common
- may develop breast or ovarian cysts
- ovaries don’t respond at all to pituitary hormones
- after last ovulatory cycle, progesterone no longer secreted and estrogen levels decrease rapidly
what is used to treat symptoms of menopause?
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for moderate - severe symptoms
testosterone creams - used in vagina help with dryness and irritation
exercise - lowers risk of heart disease
strengthen bones by eating calcium rich foods/supplements
relief from hot flashes, fatigue & depression with vitamins and herbal therapies
what are Comorbid conditions
having two or more diseases at the same time
what are examples of psychological, emotional or physical abuse?
shouting, bullying, insults, name calling, threats of violence, isolation and physical harm
what are some problem driving factors for seniors
- visual, cognitive and motor skills which decline with age
- medications anxiety and insomnia meds can make people drowsy; antihistamines can affect concentration
- pulling out from side of road or changing lanes without looking
- careluss backing up
- inaccurate turning
- failure to yield right of way
- difficulty reading traffic signs
what is the principal cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
smoking
what are the most commonly misused medications?
sleeping pills
tranquilizer
pain meds
laxatives
what is the most common cause of sexual inactivity in older adults
male physical health
what are the primary reasons older adults use technology
- communication
- seeking information
- entertainment
- commerical purposes
- finding new people
