HLST 200 - Final Exam Review Flashcards
-Unit 7 Communicable Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections -Unit 8 Heart Health and Disease -Unit 9 Cancer and Non-Infectious Conditions -Unit 10 Tobacco and Caffeine -Unit 11 Alcohol -Unit 12 Aging
What are some controllable risk factors for infectious diseases?
hygiene, vaccinations and food preparation methods
Two major factors that affect how quickly your system will absorb alcohol
The amount of food in your stomach, and the speed at which you drink.
Vivian urinates frequently while she consumes alcohol. Why?
Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it causes you to produce more urine. The more you drink alcohol, the more the effect. It also stimulates your bladder, so you’ll feel the urge to urinate sooner than normal.
- Alcohol suppresses the release of arginine vasopressin, an anti-diuretic hormone known as ADH, which allows your kidneys to return water to the blood stream.
- Drinking a lot of alcoholic beverages can also increase your overall fluid intake to levels above normal thus causing more urination.
What types of gastrointestinal cancers are associated with long-term alcohol use?
- Mouth
- Throat (pharyngeal)
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Liver & Pancreas
- Colon & Rectum
Examples of “sauced” tobacco
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Elaine’s three roommates have all contracted the flu. What main factor will determine whether Elaine gets sick too?
Whether she carries immunity to that particular strain.
Anna has a sty in her left eye. What bacteria is the most probable cause of this infection?
Staphylococcus aureus
Lillian does not give her four-year-old daughter aspirin for flu symptoms because aspirin may cause ________________?
Reye’s Syndrome
Children who have had a recent viral infection, such as chickenpox or the flu, are at increased risk of develping Reye’s Syndrome when given Aspirin.
Garrett’s eyes and skin have a yellowish tint and he has dark yellow urine along with fever, headache, and nausea. What is the most probable cause of his condition?
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The herpes zoster varicella virus, if reactivated, can develop into a disease known as?
Shingles
Secondary damage from chlamydia in females includes?
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) due to the spread of the infection to uterus or fallopian tubes. This can cause damage to the fallopian tubes and uterus which causes chronic pain, risk of ectopic pregnacy, and infertility.
What is the treatment for syphilis?
An antibiotic called Penicillin. If someone is allergic to penicillin then a different antibiotic would be prescribed.
The greatest threat from venereal warts is the tendency for precancerous changes in cells. This process is called?
Dysplasia
Which of these is NOT a high-risk body fluid for HIV transmission?
- Blood
- Semen
- Saliva
Saliva
List some preventive measures for osteoporosis
- Get adequate calcium (aim for 1200mg/day)
- Regular excercise including aeorbics and weights
- Moderate alcohol comsumption (to not impair calcium absorption)
- Don’t smoke! (can cause earlier menopause and so longer period of estrogen loss)
- Get some sunshine! This is essential for natural vitimin D production. Vitimin D promotes good bone health by boosting calcium absorbtion. Just beware of sunburns due to increased cancer risk and premature aging of the skin.
Geraldine passes a bit of urine each time she coughs or sneezes. This is called urinary
incontinence
Elizabeth suffers from increased pressure within her eyeball. This problem is called
glaucoma
Tony has just been diagnosed in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. When he asks his doctor what caused his disease, the doctor tells him that
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David’s grandfather is 75. What subcategory of old age does he fall within?
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Why do studies not record a higher prevalence of heavy drinking in the elderly?
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If you are a smoker, which of the following factors is most likely to affect your lung cancer risk?
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What is nicotine?
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In addition to having a high risk of lung cancer, smokers are __________ times more likely to get lip, tongue, and esophagus cancers than are non-smokers.
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Risks of smokeless tobacco?
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Les is instructed to use a rapid smoking technique to help him quit smoking. Rapid smoking is an example of ____________ therapy.
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Les is instructed to use a rapid smoking technique to help him quit smoking. Rapid smoking is an example of ____________ therapy.
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What type of caffeine intake is recommended for pregnant women?
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What is the most common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in Canada?
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Dylan was told by his physician that the valve between his left atrium and left ventricle is malfunctioning. What is the name of this heart valve?
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Which blood vessels permit the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products with body cells?
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What is congestive heart failure?
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Symptoms of a stroke?
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Describe what is considered a normal blood pressure. Abnormal?
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Differences between men and women regarding hypertension?
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The process of malignant cells moving throughout the body is called?
metastasis
When Angeline seeks treatment for this sexually transmitted virus, her doctor tells her that it has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. The name of the virus is?
human papilloma
Recent studies have shown that estrogen replacement therapy and aspirin may reduce this type of cancer risk
..
A cancer treatment that involves enhancing the body’s own disease-fighting systems is called?
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Which of the following are the most common causes of death from cancer in Canada?
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Sleep apnea
repetitive cessation of breathing during sleep
Theodore has a pulsating headache that is only on one side of his head. What type of headache is he most likely experiencing?
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Symptoms of diabetes
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Risk factors for cervical cancer
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A person’s psychological age and social age are the same. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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Theories of aging
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The wear and tear theory attributes aging to the decline of the body’s immunological system. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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As many as one in five children born to First Nations women in Canada may have FASD. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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Treatment programs for alcoholism can be the same for males and females. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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All alcoholic drinks contain the same percentage of alcohol. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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The only time herpes can be transmitted is when a sore is present. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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AIDS in Canada is most common among heterosexual women. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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Strep throat, scarlet fever, and impetigo are all caused by the same bacteria. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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As soon as a smoker quits, the tissue in his or her body damaged by smoking begins repairing itself. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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Light or mild cigarettes are those which contain herbal ingredients. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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The health status of Canadians is one of the best in the world; new immigrants decrease their rates of cardiovascular disease the longer they live here. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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Canadian winters have an impact on deaths from cardiovascular disease. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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Surgical and diagnostic procedures are less difficult to perform on women because they have smaller coronary arteries than do men. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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Asthma has become the most common chronic disease of childhood. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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Prostate cancer is the number one cause of cancer deaths among Canadian men. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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Type 2 diabetes occurs most often in children. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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Describe the risk factors for osteoporosis
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Describe immunization and its benefits. Give two examples of conditions where it has been effective at reducing rates of occurrence. Give two examples of conditions (not previously identified) people should be immunized against?
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What physiological reasons explain why tobacco may contribute to weight loss?
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Describe and give examples of controllable and uncontrollable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Describe the differences between using a population health and a high-risk approach to preventing disease.
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Compare and contrast the effects of nicotine and ethanol ingestion.
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The reason we have such high taxes on cigarettes is to cover the costs of the associated health care needs. TRUE/FALSE? Explain
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The intoxicating substance in beer, wine, and liquor is
ethanol
Nick and Roland are identical twins who go out drinking together. Their body size is the same. Nick drinks alcohol regularly, but Roland does not. After three bottles of the same kind of beer each, Roland looks and acts drunk, while Nick still appears to be functioning normally. Who has a higher BAC?
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Jodie is stressed about an upcoming exam, but Pearl is very calm and relaxed. If they both drink the same amount of alcohol, who will absorb the alcohol quicker?
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Effects of heavy drinking
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Examples of bacterial diseases
- Tuberculosis - Tetanus - Gonorrhea - Scarlet fever - Diphtheria
Examples of viral diseases
- Influenza (flu) - Herpes - Noroviruses (gastroenteritis) - Papillomaviruses (HPV, Warts) - Retroviruses (HIV/AIDS) - Rhinoviruses (Common Cold, Upper respiratory tract infections) - Hepatitis Viruses (Liver infection like HEP-C)
Examples fungal infection
Athletes foot, Yeast infection
Diseases caused by Protozoa
Common diseases include:
- Malaria
- Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis)
- Giardiasis
- Toxoplasmosis
What are helminths?
Small parasitic worms that attack specific tissues or organs and compete with the host for nutrients. - Schistosomiasis (burrows through skin and enters circulatory system) - Tapeworm (from undercooked beef, pork, and fish that contain larve)
The 5 ways a pathogen can be transmitted.
- Direct contact: body surface to body surface. Examples include blood-borne and sexual contact. - Indirect contact: contact of a susceptible host with hands or objects that are contaminated. This is a common transmission route. Examples include a TV remote, computer keyboards, and eating utensils. Droplet transmission: often spread by nasal, oral, or conjunctival mucosa that comes into contact with large droplets containing germs from another infected person that is close by. Examples include someone sneezing, coughing, or even talking within about three feet. Airborne transmission: very small droplets contain- ing germs that are suspended in the air or dust. They are spread by air currents and enter into the respira- tory tract. Examples include measles, chickenpox, and tuberculosis. Common vehicle transmission: contact with con- taminated equipment, food, water, or medications. Examples include contaminated leftover food and polluted water supply.
When an insect or an animal transmits disease to a human it is known as a
vector-borne transmission
