HLA

Question 1

Immunological synapse

Answer 1

The space between two communicating immune cells , for example between an APC and a lymphocyte during the activation process

Question 2

what interleukins are involved in Th2 activation and who releases them

Answer 2

IL-4, 5, and 10, released by and activated T effector cell

Question 3

what cytokines involved in Th1 response (main ones

Answer 3

TNF alpha and INF gamma released from cd4 activated t cells

Question 4

HLA restricted recognition

Answer 4

T cells will recognize a specific HLA subtype bound to a particular antigen, both antigen (e.g. intracell or extra cell) and HLA complex need to be the right type for T cell interaction

Question 5

HLA 1 structure

Answer 5

One long variable chain Alpha, and short constant chain called Beta2 microglobulin, stabilization by intracaternary disulfide bridge’s

Question 6

HLA 2 structure

Answer 6

Two variable chains Alpha and Beta, intramolecular disulfide bridges

Question 7

Linkage disequilibrium

Answer 7

Occurs from error in meiotic recombination of HLA alleles, Leading to an abnormal set of HLA alleles in offspring, which results in problems for reasons like cytotoxic t cells and other t cells recognizing healthy cells as threats

Question 8

How are HLA alleles inherited

Answer 8

By Haplotypes, we receive a haplotype from our father and haplotype from our mother (basically blocks of alleles)

Question 9

HLA genotype, what is it

Answer 9

The set of HLA alleles an individual has, necessary for compatible transplants, unique to an individual

Question 10

What’s celiac disease caused by

Answer 10

A linkage disequilibrium in nonclassical HLA-Dq 2 8triggered by interaction with Gliadin

Question 11

What is used as an antigen in celiac disease and on what tissue does it mainly have an effect

Answer 11

Gliadin On enterocytes (sensitivity to gluten)

Question 12

How is diversity generated in HLA complexes of different individuals

Answer 12

Thanks to Polygeny, Polymorphism, and codominance of the alleles

Question 13

Proportion of different haplogroup combinations

Answer 13

Identical 25% non identical 25% identical haplogroups 50 %

Question 14

categories of HLA complexes

Answer 14

Classical Including HLA 1-ABC, HLA-2 DQ,DP,DR. and Non classical which are HLA1 E,F,G,C1

Question 15

Antigen cleft in HLA 2 and HLA1

Answer 15

HLA2-B1 and A2 regions, HLA1-between A1 and A2 regions

Question 16

on what chromosome are the different alleles for HLA complexes found?

Answer 16

For all except B2-M on chromosome 6 and for B2-Microglobin its on chromosome 15

Question 17

HLA formation process comparing Th1 and Th2

Answer 17

in Th1 we see it formed to to intracellular pathogens and Th2 with extracellular pathogens

Question 18

what is HLA-g responsible for and when

Answer 18

HLA-G responsible for fetal tolerance during pregnancy by suppressing immune system around fetus, in combination with TNF-beta (L-FAS)

Question 19

What class of HLA are non classical?

Answer 19

Class 1 HLA’s

Question 20

Complications from Fetal immune tolerance

Answer 20

suppressed immune system (cellular mediated) by inhibition of cytotoxic t cells, preeclampsia, infertility