HL Biology - Evolution Flashcards
1
Q
Phylum for Sponges
A
P. Porifera
2
Q
Phylum for Jellyfish
A
P. Cnidaria
3
Q
Phylum for Round Worms
A
P. Nematoda
4
Q
Phylum for Flat Worms
A
P. Platyhelminthes
5
Q
Phylum for Segmented Worms (Leeches, earthworms)
A
P. Annelida
6
Q
Phylum for Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids
A
P. Arthropoda
7
Q
Phylum for Starfish and Sea Urchins
A
P. Echinodermata
8
Q
Phylum for Vertebrates
A
P. Chordata
9
Q
Phylum for Gastropods (Octopus/Squid)
A
P. Mollusca
10
Q
Who was Lamarck?
A
Scientist in France in late 1700s who coined the term “Biology”.
11
Q
What is Lamarckism? Give an example.
A
The idea that living organisms acquire certain traits during their lifetime and pass on those traits to their offspring.
For example, Giraffes stretching their necks to reach food in trees, causing longer necks to evolve. Each generation would inherit a longer neck from their parents.
12
Q
What is Cytochrome C and where is it found?
A
an electron transport carrier to produce ATP.
Found in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
13
Q
Evolutionary Process according to Lamarck (2)
A
- Need causes enlargement of an organ, or lack of need causes decrease in organ size.
- The acquired characteristic is passed on to the next generation.
14
Q
Coprolite
A
A piece of fossilised dung.
15
Q
Methylation
A
Adding methyl group to DNA.
16
Q
Evidence for the Rejected of Lamarckism
Sheep Herders
A
Sheep herders have been cutting off the tails of sheep for thousands of years, yet new born sheep almost always have tails.
17
Q
Who was Charles Darwin?
A
A British Naturalist who developed the idea of Natural Selection.
18
Q
What ship brought Charles Darwin to the Galapagos Islands?
A
The Beagle
19
Q
What living organism did Darwin study at the Galapagos Islands?
A
Finches (stout, pointy, long beaks)
20
Q
Four Steps of Natural Selection (HSNF)
A
- High production leads to more organisms being born than can be supported by the ecosystem.
- A struggle for survival results (Food sources, Territory, intra specific competition).
- Nature selects which individuals will survive
- The fittest survive and pass their genes on to future generations.
21
Q
Factors Affecting Natural Selection
A
Avoiding Predators Food Sources Immunity to diseases Inter-specific competition (territories) Intra-specific competition (food/resources)
22
Q
Artificial Selection
A
When animals with desirable genetical traits are picked to reproduce, bringing the genetical trait into the herd.
23
Q
Atrophy
A
Web a characteristic disappears over time.
24
Q
Turkana
A
Lake in Kenya containing human fossils.
25
Who was Kettlewell, and what was his experiment?
Kettlewell was a scientist who worked with peppered moths.
1. Lichen
2. Grows on the trees, producing glucose (Darker moths dying off since they're visible).
3. Pollution caused lichen to die
4. Trees became darker (Lighter moths died, and darker moths population grew.)
5. Lighter moths died.
CONCLUSION: Darker moths were twice as likely to survive in the polluted forest.
26
Macroevolution
Changes from one species to another
27
Microevolution
Changes within a species
28
Palaeontology
The study of fossils.
29
Examples of fossilised creatures
Mammoths in ice
Insects in amber
Bones in rock
30
What did Mary Leaky discover?
Found the fossil footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania.
31
How are fossils formed?
When sediment deposition buries dead bodies and the body remains undergo preservation by mineralization.
32
What do fossils show? (2)
1. Change over time
| 2. Continuity of change.
33
Process of Fossilisation (4)
1. Organism dies and is buried in sediment
2. Decomposition of remains
3. Remains replaced by minerals in surrounding sediment
4. Solidification of sediments leaves a cast of the organism.
34
Burgess Shale contains lots of ____ _______
Oil Reserves
35
More than __% of all animals that ever lived are extinct.
90
36
What is a commit?
A water/ice ball going through space, no atmosphere, where solar radiation melts the ice creating a trail.
37
Examples of Major Extinction Events
1. Super Volcanic Eruption (Yellowstone National Park)
| 2. Asteroid extincting dinosaurs.
38
The atmosphere consists of __% Nitrogen and __% CO2
78 and 0.04
39
What is the half life of Carbon-14?
5,730 years
40
Carbon-14 Dating Process
1. N bombards C with neutrons.
2. Protons are ejected, and the neutrons take its place in N.
3. Animals eat plants with C-14.
41
In Carbon-14 Dating, Carbon 14 undergoes a ___ ____
Beta emission
42
Beta Emission
When an electron comes out of the nucleus.
43
Tritium (H3)
An isotope of Hydrogen that is used in nuclear power plants.
44
H1 =
H2 =
H3 =
Hydrogen
Deuterium
Tritium
45
Half Life of Tritium
12 years
46
Beta Emission Formula for Carbon-14
14 14
C --> N + e-
6 7
6p + 7n +pe- ----> 7p + 7n + e-
n = pe-
47
Phylum of Egg-Laying mammals
Monotremes
48
Why are monotremes only present in Australia?
Because of geographical isolation
49
Homology
Organisms in different vertebrate classes have similar anatomical structures, showing common ancestry.
50
Spontaneous Generation
The belief that life could appear in non-living materials.
51
___-__ codons of the genetic code have the same meanings in the cells of all organisms.
Sixty-Four
52
(Louis) Pasteur's Experiment
1. Samples of broth were placed in Swan-Necked flasks, and the necks were melted and bent into various shapes.
2. Some broth boiled, some not.
3. Fungi and organisms appeared in non-boiled, but not boiled flasks.
4. Necks where snapped, and the broth was quickly decomposed by organisms.
ALL FLASKS WERE EXPOSED TO AIR AS IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT IT WAS NEEDED FOR SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
53
Conclusion of Pasteur's Experiment
Conclusion: Swan necks prevented organisms from the air getting into the flasks and no organisms appeared spontaneously.
54
Symbiosis
Two organisms living together
55
Endosymbiosis
A larger, host cell takes in a smaller cell by endocytosis, so the smaller cell is inside a vesicle in the cytoplasm of the larger cell.
This smaller cell isn't digested, and divides within the larger cell.
56
Characteristics of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (GRND)
1. Grow and divide like cells
2. Synthesise proteins using 70S Ribosomes, like prokaryotes.
3. Naked loop of DNA, like prokaryotes.
4. Double Membranes
57
Define Evolution
The changes that occur in living organisms over many generations.
58
When does evolution occur
When heritable characteristics of a species change.
59
The basic bone structure in amphibians, reptiles, birds,, and mammals, that is used in a variety of ways and is evidence of evolution.
Pentadactyl Limb
60
Homologous Structures
Structures that have similarities of structure despite the differences in their functions.
61
Artificial Breeding
Selecting individuals with desirable traits, and breeding from them.
62
Animal that has similarities to other vertebrates, but has eight fingers and seven toes.
Acanthostega
63
Dark varieties of typically light-coloured insects
Melanistic
64
Observations and Deductions explaining natural selection
1. In natural populations, there is variation between the individuals
2. Species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support.
3. There is a struggle for existence in which some individuals survive and some die.
65
Acquired Characteristics are not seen in ____
OFFSPRING
66
Daphne Major
A Small island in the Galapagos Archipelago.
67
El nino led to finches beak size ____
increasing
68
La nina led to finches beak size ___
decreasing
69
Disease-Causing
Pathogenic
70
Analogous
Comparable in certain respects
71
Three sources of variation
1. Mutation:
New alleles are produced by gene mutation, which enlarges the gene pool of a population.
2. Meiosis
Produces new combinations of alleles by breaking up existing combinations in a diploid cell.
3. Sexual Reproduction
Gametes come from different parents, so the offspring has a combination of alleles from two individuals.
72
Eukaryotes are one of the major groups. State the names of the other two.
Eubacteria and Archaea
73
Adaptive Radiation
Structures that have evolved differently in related organisms and are now used for different functions.
74
Outline evidence for differences between organisms in the past and those alive today.
Fossils or extinct species/ of species with different characteristics.
75
Gene Pool
Consists of all the genes and their different alleles in an interbreeding population.
76
Allele Frequency Range
0.0-1.0, total frequency of all alleles is 1.0
77
Three types of natural selection (DSD)
Directional:
On extreme in the range of variation is selected for, the other extreme is selected against.
Stabilising:
Intermediates are selected for and extremes are selected against
Disruptive:
Extreme types are selected for and intermediates are selected against.
78
Speciation
The formation of new species
79
Reproductive Isolation
One population not interbreeding with any other populations of its species.
80
Three types of Reproductive Isolation
Temporal: Populations breed at different times
Behavioural: Population of a species have behaviour that prevents interbreeding.
Geographical: Populations of a species live in different areas and therefore do not interbreed.
81
When did the Big Bang Occur and when did Earth exist?
13 BYA and 5 BYA
82
Fossil of Fish found in Arctic
Tiktaalik Fish
83
Prebiotic Earth Conditions:
Pre-Oceanic
- Energy?
- Atmosphere Gas?
- Geo Activity?
Oceanic
- Energy?
- Atmospheric Gas?
- Geo Activity?
Pre-Oceanic
UV, Heat
H2
Most H2 lost to space
Oceanic
UV, Lightning, Molten Lava
H20, CO, CO2, N2, CH4, NH3
H2O condenses, volcanic activity
84
Ocarina's Theory
Earth spontaneously gave rise to organic compounds of life, and these organise compounds gave rise to cells.
85
What was the purpose of the Miller-Urey Experiment?
Prove that primitive Earth conditions could have given rise to organic compounds, PROVED IT.
Demonstration of Abiogenesis.
86
What did Sidney Fox suppose?
Supposed that where volcanic contacted h20, there would be chemical reactions taking place.
AA's convert to proteinoids.
87
Three stages of chemical evolution
1. Abiogenesis
Organic compounds created
2. Polymerisation
In deep sea vents, AA's where converted to proteinoids
3. Protocell Formation
Proteinoid's mixed with water to make protocells.
88
Adipose Cells
Cells with large vacuoles containing fat.
89
Exobiology
The study of life in such regions beyond our planet
90
Three scientific models for the origins of life on Earth
1. Ocean Surface
Life arose in a tidepool pond, and gases from volcanoes led to the creation of prebiotic molecules.
2. Panspermia
Living organisms were "seeded" on Earth as "passengers" aboard comets and meteorites.
3. Undersea Thermal Vents
Life formed at volcanic vents, providing gas, energy, and catalysts.
91
Three types of symbiotic relationships
1. Mutualism
Both organisms gain
2. Commensalism
One organism gains and one is not harmed
3. Parasitism
One organisms gains while the other suffers.
92
Earth's early atmosphere contained:
Water Vapour, Methane, and Ammonia
93
Aspirin Proposed that life began in the:
Ocean
94
Miller and Urey subjected a flask containing gasses and water to electrical sparks and obtained:
Organic Compounds
95
Scientists speculate that ___ evolved from ___.
Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes
96
According to one theory, the first molecules that could replicate were molecules of:
RNA
97
name two conditions that were different in the prebiotic Earth compared to present day
there was no oxygen in the atmosphere and there was a lot of lighting (could've said heat from volcanic eruptions
98
What is the endosymbiotic Theory? give one evidence for the endosymbiotic theory.
when there were only prokaryotes, the bigger promaryotes ate the smaller prokaryotes and instead of digesting it they coexisted and became a double membrane. 70s ribosomes, double membrane, is a single circular of DNA
99
it is often suggested that life first evolved near deep-sea hydrothermal vents. what reason is put forward to support this hypothesis?
there was nutrients and energy from the volcanic vents necessary to form organic compounds of life from heat. UV was unable to reach depths of the ocean
100
How is natural variation used in artificial selection
nature provides the variation among different organisms and humans select these differences.
101
natural selection acts on ___ which in turn may result in the evolution of ___ over time.
Individuals, Populations
102
which of the following does not provide evidence towards evolution
Cytology
103
how does natural selection contribute to the theory of evolution?
Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population.
