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IHO Week 6 > HIV Virology > Flashcards

HIV Virology Flashcards

1
Q

HIV gemone

A

2 copies of (+)-ssRNA

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2
Q

HIV capsid symmetry

A

Icosahedral

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3
Q

Is HIV enveloped?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Why does HIV require intimate contact to be transmitted?

A

Enveloped

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5
Q

Tropism for HIV virus?

A

CD4+ T cells (also CD4+ monocytes and macrophages)

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6
Q

3 enzymes that HIV carries

A

Reverse transcriptase
Integrase
Protease

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7
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Converts ssRNA to DNA

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8
Q

Integrase

A

Cuts the host DNA for viral DNA to insert

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9
Q

Protease

A

Not as important in establishing infections but modifies viral encoded proteins to make new particles

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10
Q

Why is protease so important?

A

HIV genome is very small and compact. Genes are encoded on multiple overlapping reading frames.

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11
Q

3 important genes in HIV

A

gag
pol
env

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12
Q

gag and env

A

make one big peptide (for structure), cleave with protease to make desired structural proteins

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13
Q

gag protein

A

capsid proteins (p24)

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14
Q

pol

A

reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase

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15
Q

env

A

envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41

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16
Q

LTRs

A

Integration sites; bind host transcription factors NF kB, Sp1, TBP

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17
Q

Nef, vpr, tat, rev

A

transcription factors to regulate host machinery to fit viral preferences (not in proliferates)

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18
Q

5’ to 3’ have LTRs that…

A

interact with integrase to allow viral genome to insert to host DNA –> promotes NFkB

19
Q

The binding of infectious particle to the host cell is initiated by..

A

interaction between gp120 and CD41

remember gp120 is outer membrane

20
Q

Along with gp120/CD41 - This interaction is required to initiate infection

A

Host chemokine receptor (either CXCR4 or CCR5) and gp41

21
Q

What does CXCR normally bind to?

A

Stromal derived factor 1

22
Q

Stromal derived factor in HIV

A

Occupies HIV-1 binding site and blocks infection

SDF-1 polymorphisms may be associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection

23
Q

SDF-1 in healthy cells

A

binds CXCR4 on lymphocytes and directs their homing to tissues

24
Q

Steps in HIV-1 infection cycle

A
  1. Binding of HIV1 envelope proteins to host receptors
  2. Envelope fusion with plasma membrane
  3. Reverse transcription to dsDNA
  4. Integration
  5. Expression of viral genes to make viral proteins and viral genome
  6. Proteolytic processing of viral proteins
  7. Assembly of viral particles and budding from host cell
25
Q

What do Rev nev and tat do?

A

promote NFkB (remodels cell)

26
Q

What is the significance of Rev?

A

Threshold marker
Unspliced RNA - encode structural proteins (capsid envelope and enzymes)
Spliced RNA - ready to go

27
Q

Proviral stage

A

Virus causing host cell to produce viral proteins
Envelope expressed on plasma membrane (before protease)
Latency

28
Q

HIV-1 infected T cells express ____ on their cell surface

A

env proteins

29
Q

Binding of env to CXCR4 induces _____

A

autophagy and apoptosis

30
Q

Viral opportunistic infections with HIV

A

Kaposi sarcoma virus (KSV, HHV-8)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV, HHV-4)

31
Q

CMV and HIV

A

severe blindness, encephalitis

32
Q

Fungal infections and HIV

A

Candida (oral thrush)

33
Q

Protozoa and HIV

A

Cryptococcus

Pneumocystis

34
Q

What is the first thing to detect/monitor upon exposure

A

p24 antigen

35
Q

p24 is a capsid protein encoded by _____

A

gag

36
Q

As CD4 levels fall, viral genome ____

A

increases

37
Q

AIDS

A

CD4+ falls below 200

38
Q

Diagnostic tests for HIV

A

ELISA followed by Western Blot

39
Q

ELISA looks for…

A

p24 antibody (some look at antigen)

40
Q

Monitoring patients with HIV

A

CD4+ T cell enumeration by flow cytometry

Polymerase chain reaction, viral RNA or DNA

41
Q

The goal of therapy for patients with HIV

A

Reduce the level of circulating virus

42
Q

Low viral load

A

Increased life span

43
Q

High viral load

A

shorter life span

IHO Week 6 (7 decks)

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